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Attachment 1 to Item 7
DRAFT
Noosa Coastal Hazards
Adaptation Plan
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Full text of sections 2 to 112 (of 122)
Section 2
© Noosa Council 2021 www.noosa.qld.gov.au General Enquiries: By telephone: (07) 5329 6500 By email: [email protected] Fax: (07) 5329 6501 Street Address: 9 Pelican Street, TEWANTIN Postal address: PO Box 141, TEWANTIN QLD 4565 Disclaimer Information contained in this document is based on available information at the time of writing. All figures and diagrams are indicative only and should be referred to as such. While the Noosa Council has exercised reasonable care in preparing this document it does not warrant or represent that it is accurate or complete. Council or its officers accept no responsibility for any loss occasioned to any person acting or refraining from acting in reliance upon any material contained in this document. Final for council endorsement
Section 3
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 8
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 9
Purpose ………………………………………………………………………………………………..9
Context ………………………………………………………………………………………………..9
Approach ............................................................................................................................. 11
QCoast2100.................................................................................................................................... 11
Guiding principles ........................................................................................................................... 12
Our Coastal zone ............................................................................................................... 13
Coastal Landscape .............................................................................................................. 13
Coastal values ..................................................................................................................... 16
Community Engagement ................................................................................................... 17
Developing this plan .......................................................................................................... 18
Understanding climate change & sea level rise .................................................................... 18
Phase 2 – 3: Identifying the hazards .................................................................................... 18
What is coastal erosion? ................................................................................................................ 19
What are tidal inundation and storm tides? .................................................................................... 23
Phase 4 – 5: Identifying assets of importance and their risks ............................................... 29
Phases 6 – 7: Assessing potential adaptation actions for Noosa ......................................... 33
Options for responding to coastal erosion risks .................................................................... 36
Options for responding to coastal inundation risks ............................................................... 40
Locality Risks and Adaptation Outcomes ........................................................................ 42
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 42
PEREGIAN BEACH........................................................................................................................ 46
MARCUS BEACH AND CASTAWAYS BEACH ............................................................................ 50
SUNRISE BEACH AND SUNSHINE BEACH ................................................................................ 53
NOOSA NORTH SHORE AND TEEWAH...................................................................................... 58
NOOSA HEADS ............................................................................................................................. 65
NOOSAVILLE ................................................................................................................................. 71
TEWANTIN ..................................................................................................................................... 75
COOROIBAH, COOTHARABA, COMO, AND BOREEN POINT................................................... 80
Implementation, Monitoring and Review .......................................................................... 83
Monitoring ............................................................................................................................ 84
Financial Sustainability ........................................................................................................ 84
Future Studies and Assessments......................................................................................... 85
Appendices ........................................................................................................................ 86
Appendix 1: Glossary ........................................................................................................... 87
Appendix 2: Frequently Asked Questions ............................................................................ 89
Appendix 3: Coastal Hazard Maps – Storm Tide Inundation and Permanent Tidal
Inundation .............................................................................................................. 90
Appendix 4: Coastal Hazard Maps - Coastal Erosion ......................................................... 101
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan
Section 4
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 6
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 7
Purpose ………………………………………………………………………………………………..7
Context ………………………………………………………………………………………………..7
Approach ............................................................................................................................... 9
QCoast2100...................................................................................................................................... 9
Guiding principles ........................................................................................................................... 10
Our Coastal zone ............................................................................................................... 11
Coastal Landscape .............................................................................................................. 11
Coastal values ..................................................................................................................... 14
Community Engagement ................................................................................................... 15
Developing this plan .......................................................................................................... 16
Understanding climate change & sea level rise .................................................................... 16
Phase 2 – 3: Identifying the hazards .................................................................................... 16
What is coastal erosion? ................................................................................................................ 17
What are tidal inundation and storm tides? .................................................................................... 21
Phase 4 – 5: Identifying assets of importance and their risks ............................................... 27
Phases 6 – 7: Assessing potential adaptation actions for Noosa ......................................... 30
Options for responding to coastal erosion risks .................................................................... 34
Options for responding to coastal inundation risks ............................................................... 38
Locality Risks and Adaptation Outcomes ........................................................................ 39
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 39
PEREGIAN BEACH........................................................................................................................ 43
MARCUS BEACH AND CASTAWAYS BEACH ............................................................................ 47
SUNRISE BEACH AND SUNSHINE BEACH ................................................................................ 51
NOOSA NORTH SHORE AND TEEWAH...................................................................................... 56
NOOSA HEADS ............................................................................................................................. 63
NOOSAVILLE ................................................................................................................................. 69
TEWANTIN ..................................................................................................................................... 73
COOROIBAH, COOTHARABA, COMO, AND BOREEN POINT................................................... 76
Implementation, Monitoring and Review .......................................................................... 79
Monitoring ............................................................................................................................ 79
Financial Sustainability ........................................................................................................ 80
Future Studies and Assessments......................................................................................... 81
Appendices ........................................................................................................................ 82
Appendix 1: Glossary ........................................................................................................... 83
Appendix 2: Frequently Asked Questions ............................................................................ 85
Appendix 3: Coastal Hazard Maps – Storm Tide Inundation and Permanent Tidal
Inundation .............................................................................................................. 86
Appendix 4: Coastal Hazard Maps - Coastal Erosion ........................................................... 97
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan
Section 5
List of Figures Figure 1 - Process for developing a Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan.......................................... 11 Figure 2 - Noosa's coastal zone and CHAP study area ................................................................. 15 Figure 3 - Example of coastal erosion processes and projections at Peregian Beach (this image is not to scale and is for indicative purposes only). ........................................................................... 21 Figure 4 - Erosion Prone Area during a 100-year Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) marine storm event in 2100 ................................................................................................................................ 22 Figure 5 - Area of land subject to permanent tidal inundation in 2100 ........................................... 24 Figure 6 - Normal tide versus Storm tide (source: Sunshine Coast Regional Council) .................. 26 Figure 7 - Indicative example of increasing extent of storm tide inundation at Gympie Terrace from 2020 to 2100, due to sea level rise (this image is not to scale and is for indicative purposes only). ..................................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 8 - Area of land subject to a 100-year ARI storm tide event in 2100 ................................... 29 Figure 9 - Hierarchy of preferred coastal management responses for areas vulnerable to coastal hazards ......................................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 10 - Coastal localities by type of hazards each is exposed to ............................................. 43 Figure 11 - Effect of adaptation actions on risk profile over time (source: Bundaberg Regional Council) ........................................................................................................................................ 44 Figure 12 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal erosion risks in Peregian Beach ............................................................................................................................ 48 Figure 13 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal erosion risks in Marcus Beach and Castaways Beach ........................................................................................... 51 Figure 14 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal erosion risks in Sunrise Beach and Sunshine Beach ............................................................................................. 56 Figure 15 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal erosion risks along Teewah Beach .................................................................................................................... 60 Figure 16 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal inundation risks in Noosa North Shore ................................................................................................................... 63 Figure 17 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal erosion risks in Noosa Heads ................................................................................................................................ 67 Figure 18 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal inundation risks in Noosa Heads ............................................................................................................................ 69 Figure 19 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal inundation risks in Noosaville ................................................................................................................................. 73 Figure 20 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal inundation risks in Tewantin ................................................................................................................................... 77 Figure 21 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal inundation risks in Cooroibah, Cootharaba, Como & Boreen Point ......................................................................... 81 Figure 1 - Process for developing a Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan............................................ 8 Figure 2 - Noosa's coastal zone and CHAP study area ................................................................. 12 Figure 3 - Example of coastal erosion processes and projections at Peregian Beach (this image is not to scale and is for indicative purposes only). ........................................................................... 18 Figure 4 - Erosion Prone Area during a 100-year Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) marine storm event in 2100 ................................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 5 - Area of land subject to permanent tidal inundation in 2100 ........................................... 21 Figure 6 - Normal tide versus Storm tide (source: Sunshine Coast Regional Council) .................. 22 Figure 7 - Indicative example of increasing extent of storm tide inundation at Gympie Terrace from 2020 to 2100, due to sea level rise ............................................................................................... 23 Figure 8 - Area of land subject to a 100-year ARI storm tide event in 2100 ................................... 25 Figure 9 - Hierarchy of preferred coastal management responses for areas vulnerable to coastal hazards ......................................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 10 - Coastal localities by type of hazards each is exposed to ............................................. 39 Figure 11 - Effect of adaptation actions on risk profile over time (source: Bundaberg Regional Council) ........................................................................................................................................ 40 Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 4
Section 6
Figure 12 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal erosion risks in Peregian Beach ............................................................................................................................ 44 Figure 13 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal erosion risks in Marcus Beach and Castaways Beach ........................................................................................... 47 Figure 14 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal erosion risks in Sunrise Beach and Sunshine Beach ............................................................................................. 53 Figure 15 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal erosion risks along Teewah Beach .................................................................................................................... 57 Figure 16 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal inundation risks in Noosa North Shore ................................................................................................................... 60 Figure 17 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal erosion risks in Noosa Heads ................................................................................................................................ 64 Figure 18 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal inundation risks in Noosa Heads ............................................................................................................................ 66 Figure 19 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal inundation risks in Noosaville ................................................................................................................................. 70 Figure 20 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal inundation risks in Tewantin ................................................................................................................................... 73 Figure 21 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal inundation risks in Cooroibah, Cootharaba, Como & Boreen Point ......................................................................... 77 Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 5
Section 7
List of Tables Table 1 - Calculating risk............................................................................................................... 31 Table 2 - Risk tolerance scale applied in Phase 5 ......................................................................... 32 Table 3 - Adaptation options assessment criteria .......................................................................... 34 Table 4 - Change in Peregian Beach asset risk profiles across planning horizons ........................ 46 Table 5 – Five-year action plan for responding to projected coastal erosion risks in Peregian Beach ..................................................................................................................................................... 49 Table 6 - Change in Marcus Beach and Castaways Beach asset risk profiles across planning horizons ........................................................................................................................................ 50 Table 7 - Five-year action plan for responding to projected coastal erosion risks in Marcus Beach and Castaways Beach .................................................................................................................. 52 Table 8 - Change in Sunrise Beach asset risk profiles across planning horizons .......................... 54 Table 9 - Change in Sunshine Beach asset risk profiles across planning horizons ....................... 54 Table 10 - Five-year action plan for responding to projected coastal erosion risks in Sunrise Beach and Sunshine Beach ..................................................................................................................... 57 Table 11 - Change in Teewah and Noosa North Shore asset erosion risk profiles across planning horizons ........................................................................................................................................ 59 Table 12 - Five-year action plan for responding to projected coastal erosion risks along Teewah Beach ........................................................................................................................................... 61 Table 13 - Change in Noosa North Shore asset inundation risk profiles across planning horizons 62 Table 14 - Five-year action plan for responding to projected coastal inundation risks in Noosa North Shore .................................................................................................................................. 64 Table 15 - Change in Noosa Heads asset erosion risk profiles across planning horizons ............. 66 Table 16 - Five-year action plan for responding to projected coastal erosion risks in Noosa Heads ..................................................................................................................................................... 68 Table 17 - Change in Noosa Heads asset inundation risk profiles across planning horizons ......... 68 Table 18 - Five-year action plan for responding to projected coastal inundation risks in Noosa Heads ........................................................................................................................................... 70 Table 19 - Change in Noosaville asset risk profiles across planning horizons ............................... 72 Table 20 - Five-year action plan for responding to projected coastal inundation risks in Noosaville ..................................................................................................................................................... 74 Table 21 - Change in Tewantin asset risk profiles across planning horizons ................................. 75 Table 22 - Five- year action plan for responding to projected coastal inundation risks in Tewantin 78 Table 23 - Change in locality asset risk profiles across planning horizons (Cooroibah, Cootharaba, Como & Boreen Point) .................................................................................................................. 80 Table 24 - Five- year action plan for responding to projected coastal inundation risks in Cooroibah, Cootharaba, Como & Boreen Point ............................................................................................... 82 Table 1 - Calculating risk............................................................................................................... 27 Table 2 - Risk tolerance scale applied in Phase 5 ......................................................................... 28 Table 3 - Adaptation options assessment criteria .......................................................................... 30 Table 4 - Change in Peregian Beach asset risk profiles across planning horizons ........................ 42 Table 5 – Five-year action plan for responding to projected coastal erosion risks in Peregian Beach ..................................................................................................................................................... 45 Table 6 - Change in Marcus Beach and Castaways Beach asset risk profiles across planning horizons ........................................................................................................................................ 46 Table 7 - Five-year action plan for responding to projected coastal erosion risks in Marcus Beach and Castaways Beach .................................................................................................................. 49 Table 8 - Change in Sunrise Beach asset risk profiles across planning horizons .......................... 51 Table 9 - Change in Sunshine Beach asset risk profiles across planning horizons ....................... 51 Table 10 - Five-year action plan for responding to projected coastal erosion risks in Sunrise Beach and Sunshine Beach ..................................................................................................................... 54 Table 11 - Change in Teewah and Noosa North Shore asset erosion risk profiles across planning horizons ........................................................................................................................................ 56 Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 6
Section 8
Table 12 - Five-year action plan for responding to projected coastal erosion risks along Teewah Beach ........................................................................................................................................... 58 Table 13 - Change in Noosa North Shore asset inundation risk profiles across planning horizons 59 Table 14 - Five-year action plan for responding to projected coastal inundation risks in Noosa North Shore .................................................................................................................................. 61 Table 15 - Change in Noosa Heads asset erosion risk profiles across planning horizons ............. 63 Table 16 - Five-year action plan for responding to projected coastal erosion risks in Noosa Heads ..................................................................................................................................................... 65 Table 17 - Change in Noosa Heads asset inundation risk profiles across planning horizons ......... 65 Table 18 - Five-year action plan for responding to projected coastal inundation risks in Noosa Heads ........................................................................................................................................... 67 Table 19 - Change in Noosaville asset risk profiles across planning horizons ............................... 69 Table 20 - Five-year action plan for responding to projected coastal inundation risks in Noosaville ..................................................................................................................................................... 71 Table 21 - Change in Tewantin asset risk profiles across planning horizons ................................. 72 Table 22 - Five- year action plan for responding to projected coastal inundation risks in Tewantin 75 Table 23 - Change in locality asset risk profiles across planning horizons (Cooroibah, Cootharaba, Como & Boreen Point) .................................................................................................................. 76 Table 24 - Five- year action plan for responding to projected coastal inundation risks in Cooroibah, Cootharaba, Como & Boreen Point ............................................................................................... 77 Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 7
Section 9
Executive Summary
It is widely acknowledged that local governments across Australia are on the front line when it
comes to experiencing and responding to the impacts of climate change, and Noosa is no different.
It is likely that many natural hazard risks will worsen, and some new ones may emerge, as a result
of climate change. Therefore, it is critical that all local governments, including Noosa Council,
ensure these risks are better understood, and plans are developed to respond to these where
required, consistent with existing risk management frameworks.
Noosa Council is responding to potential climate change-induced risks by undertaking a multi-year
project to develop a climate change response program in order to build adaptive capacity and
respond to climate risks within Council and across the community. The coastal hazards component
of the program is guided by this Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan (CHAP). The CHAP is funded by
a grant agreement with the Local Government Association of Queensland (LGAQ), under the
Queensland Department of Environment and Science’s (DES) QCoast2100 initiative.
The QCoast2100 initiative has been designed to assist Queensland coastal local governments with
funding and technical guidance to support the preparation of plans that identify and respond to
potential changes in coastal hazard risks caused by rising sea levels.
This plan is intended to guide decision-making across key areas of Council, including:
Corporate and operational planning and financial planning;
Land use planning and development assessment;
Infrastructure planning, design and management including roads, stormwater and
foreshores;
Management of non-infrastructure assets including conservation and recreational areas;
Community resilience planning and emergency management.
Work on the CHAP commenced in early 2017, and has progressed over that time in stages, guided
by important input from the Noosa community and Council staff. Several background studies were
completed and used to inform this plan, in alignment with technical requirements provided by DES.
These studies reveal Noosa should expect impacts to increase as a result of a range of coastal
hazards, particularly towards the latter half of this century, and that proactive and well considered
actions are required in order to prepare for and manage these risks.
Specifically, these technical studies indicate that without an appropriate response to the projected
rise in sea level, increasing impacts from coastal erosion are likely for the open coast areas (i.e.
Peregian Beach to Sunshine Beach, Noosa Heads, and Noosa North Shore), having an impact on
some privately-owned assets and Council infrastructure (e.g. roads and recreational areas), as well
as the beaches themselves.
Areas along the Lower Noosa River (Noosa Heads, Tewantin, and in particular Noosaville and
Noosa North Shore) will be increasingly at risk due to inundation associated with rising sea levels.
With inundation, the greatest level of exposure and impacts are expected to be felt by Council
infrastructure (e.g. stormwater networks, open space, roads), some private property, as well as
indirect consequences for adjacent retail and commercial activities.
These studies also highlight a range of adaptation options to help avoid, mitigate or reduce risks to
an acceptable level. This plan presents a summary of the findings of each of these studies, as well
as a set of preferred long-term adaptation outcomes and short-term actions for the areas of most
concern within Noosa’s coastal zone.
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 8
Section 10
Introduction
Purpose
Noosa Council is responding to the potential effects of coastal hazards over time, and has
prepared this CHAP to provide a comprehensive and coordinated adaptation program in response
to changing coastal risks caused by a changing climate. This plan specifically deals with the
potential impacts of coastal erosion along the open beach areas and inundation of low-lying areas
from storm tides and higher tides, and how these existing hazards are projected to change over
time due to sea level rise. and increasing storm intensity.
The core objectives for the program are to:
Improve Noosa Council and the community’s understanding of current and future risks from
coastal hazards and how they might change through time as a result of climate change;
Consult with the community clearly and sensitively throughout key stages of the project so
the community understands the implications and contributes to the decision making;
Identify what actions are required to avoid, reduce or adapt to these risks to people,
property, assets and the environment;
Provide mapping and visual products and deliverables that are useful for a range of
purposes across Council departments and functions and within the community (e.g.
planning scheme, asset management, community awareness, disaster management and
financial planning); and
Provide direction for a proactive and coordinated approachpathway for Council and the
community to adapt to climate change and coastal hazards.
The plan is based on a detailed assessment of coastal hazards for present day and 2040, 2070
and 2100 including hazard modelling, risk assessments and socio-economic analysisanalyses of
options. It provides a set of recommended short-term actions for implementation over the next 1-5
years, and presents a potential pathway for responding to these changing risks over the long term.
Context
The majority of Noosa’s population, and private and public built assets, as well as significant areas
designated for conservation purposes are located within Noosa’s coastal zone. Many assets and
locations of particular interest to the local community and visitors have historically been exposed to
the effects of coastal erosion and inundation. This includes private residences, commercial
premises, parks and recreational facilities, as well as service infrastructure such as roads and
stormwater networks. Therefore, close attention is required to any effect that climate change –
particularly sea level rise – is likely to have in worsening risks associated with these existing
hazards.
This plan has been developed in consideration of the principles and strategies outlined in Noosa
Council’s Corporate Plan 2017-2037, Environment Strategy 2019, Social Strategy 2015, and Local
Economic Plan 2015.
It is critical that Council adopts a long-term, proactive approach regarding climate-related risks to
help improve and build the adaptive capacity of our coast. This means, monitoring and planning for
changes to coastal hazard risks including ensuring appropriate and effective: development
requirements, infrastructure planning (including roads and drainage), disaster management, asset
management and governance systems are established and implemented.. This planning needs to
be adaptable, measured and take account of new information including local monitoring results. It
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 9
Section 11
also needs to be supported by strong Council effort towards ensuring that natural foreshores are
as healthy and resilient as they can be to help reduce the risk from increasing coastal hazard
riskshazards to our community.
Council acknowledges that climate change poses a serious challenge to Noosa Shire – and
ultimately to the planet. Council believes that the responsibility for responding to the causes and
risks associated with climate change is shared by many stakeholders and thus requires a
collaborative approach. Council acknowledges its responsibility to understand and consider local
risks, and to work with the community, government agencies and other partners to improve its
knowledge and capability to respond. That response will involve not only adaptive and pragmatic
planning for development and infrastructure, but also localised emissions reductions.
Reference Box #1
What is ‘adaptation’?
Despite ongoing international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, climate change is likely to
have significant effects on coastal communities across Australia. One of the most significant changes,
rising sea-levels rise, has the potential to impact the livelihoods and lifestyles of coastal residents and the
natural environment. Decisions and actions that help to prepare for, reduce, mitigate, and avoid the
adverse consequences of climate change, as well as to take advantage of the opportunities, are known as
climate change adaptation.
In this context, coastal hazards adaptation means understanding what effect sea level rise and increased
storm intensity may have on the behaviour onof coastal hazards, and taking appropriate action to
prevent or minimise the damage they could cause in the future to the built environment, human health
and safety, and our natural systems. It can also mean taking advantage of any opportunities that may
arise to transform Noosa into something better.
Robust adaptation planning takes into account the timing of any proposed actions. Because the future is
almost always uncertain, acting too soon can risk locking councils and communities into inappropriate
outcomes. But acting too late (or not at all) could risk locking Noosa into impacts that are costly or
unavoidable. Local monitoring will therefore continue to inform future coastal hazards modelling and
mapping and timely adaptation responses.
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 10
Section 12
Approach
QCoast2100
The CHAP has been developed through an eight-phase process (Figure 1) as outlined in the
QCoast2100 Minimum Standards and Guidelines (LGAQ and DEHP 2016). The QCoast2100 program
has been coordinated by the Local Government Association of Queensland (LGAQ) on behalf of
the Queensland Department of Environment and Science (DES). Incorporating regular community
engagement and consultation, the process has included the following key steps:
Scope coastal hazard issues for the area of interest
Identify areas exposed to current and future coastal hazards
Identify key hazardsassets potentially impacted
Conduct risk assessments of key assets in coastal hazard areas
Identify potential adaptation options and determine actions, costs, priorities and timeframes.
Figure 1 - Process for developing a Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan
The outputs of each project phase have been subject to review and approval by LGAQ and DES.
Uncertainty is a key characteristic of climate change and long-term coastal management, and can
be viewed as a barrier to progressing important adaptation actions. This uncertainty should not,
however, be an excuse to delay planning or action. The appropriate approach to managing
uncertainty is to plan over multiple time horizons, apply the precautionary principle and incorporate
options that can be attuned to needs as they change over time. This plan takes a risk-based
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 11
Section 13
‘monitor-review-manage’ pathways approach to preparing Noosa for changes to local coastal
hazards. It provides a fit-for-purpose plan based on the best available scientific data and
information, noting the need for flexibility and iterative review over time as new, locally-specific
information arises.
Guiding principles
Guiding principles have been created to assist in the development of Noosa’s response to coastal
hazards. These principles (shown below) were developed to clearly articulate how Noosa Council’s
existing strategies and objectives apply in a coastal hazards adaptation context.
The Noosa Environment
1. Adaptation does not adversely impact upon the natural assets of Noosa.
2. Adaptation supports the resilience of native flora and fauna, natural dune systems and
beaches.
3. Adaptation maintains the natural landscape character of places and provides for attractive
natural solutions that harmonise with local environmental features.
The Noosa Community
4. Adaptation increases the community's safety and resilience to natural hazard risks from
climate change.
5. Adaptation responses maintain or enhance accessibility to existing local landscapes in a
way that does not adversely impact on natural values.
6. Adaptation responses seek to maintain the functionality of key community spaces where
appropriate, though some areas may experience reduced functionality.
7. Adaptation responses seek to minimise disruption to the community from natural hazard
events.
8. Adaptation planning incorporates community involvement in early planning, policy, design
and decision making.
9. Adaptation considers the potential financial burden on the community in short, medium and
long term, whilst also considering the rights and interests of individuals.
The Noosa Economy
10. Adaptation seeks to support the ongoing functionality of key economic zones.
11. Adaptation supports the goals of Council’s economic strategy where possible, including
reducing risks to the economy, minimising future climate-related damage costs, and
increasing opportunities for sustainable development.
Long-term Planning for Noosa Shire
12. Adaptation is incorporated into capital works programs, including asset designs.
13. Adaptation responses are flexible and adaptable over time to changing needs and new
information, including local area locally-specific data and circumstances.
14. Adaptation must be intra- and inter-generationally equitable.
Excellence as a Council
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 12
Section 14
15. Adaptation responses are driven by scientific evidence, risk management principles and
community consultation with residents and businesses.
16. Adaptation responses reduce risk and create other benefits wherever possible.
17. Adaptation seeks to minimise future financial costs to Council.
Our Coastal zone
Covering an area of 870km2, Noosa Shire is home to more than 55,000 people (ABS, 2017).1. Two
thirds of the population live within the coastal area that takes incovers Peregian to Sunshine
Beach, Noosa Heads, Noosaville and Tewantin. The Traditional Owners are the Kabi Kabi people
(Gubbi Gubbi people) who have lived in and cared for the coastal area for millennia and continue
to maintain a deep connection with the natural environment, landscape and sea.
Noosa Shire has over 45 kilometres of coastline extending from Peregian Beach north to Teewah
and Great Sandy National Park on Noosa North Shore (Figure 2). Famous for its open surf
beaches, protected north-facing bays, river systems and everglades, Noosa’s coastal zone is at
the fragile interface of land and sea. Extending landward from the ocean, many kilometres of
estuaries and waterways connect the hinterland to the coast. This network of rivers, tributaries and
lakes plays an important role in supporting marine and aquatic life. The Noosa River system also
functions as an important temporary storage of flood waters during flood events, thereby absorbing
the impact of ocean-related impactsevents such as storm surges.
The natural character of Noosa’s coastline and surrounding vegetated landscape is a key attractor
and point of difference for the local economy. It attracts businesses, investors and residents who
wish to enjoy the nature-based, casual lifestyle and take advantage of Noosa’s clean, green
reputation, innovative culture and attractive beaches.
Coastal Landscape
The coastal zone is the interface between land and sea and includes coastal waters and areas
landwards. Coastal land includes land under tidal waters, erosion prone areas, land at risk from
storm tide inundation or permanent inundation due to sea level rise, and parcels of land adjacent to
the foreshore. In Noosa Shire, this includes coastal waters and land adjacent to the open beaches,
rivers and lakes that are influenced by the tides.
Coastal hazards will affect localities to varying extents depending on geographic position and
topography. For instance, the open coast will be most affected by coastal erosion and shoreline
recession. Open coast communities include Peregian Beach, Marcus Beach, Castaways Beach,
Sunrise Beach, Sunshine Beach, Noosa Heads, Noosa North Shore and Teewah. Contrastingly,
riverine areas including Noosaville and Tewantin will be most affected by periodic storm tide
inundation and permanent sea level rise. Further information on coastal hazards can be found in
Section 4.
Open coast
The beaches along Noosa’s coastline are dynamic, wave-dominated sandy beaches that naturally
experience phases of erosion and accretion that operate over a range of timescales, including
1 Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2017). Region Summary: Noosa. Available Online:
https://dbr.abs.gov.au/region.html?lyr=lga&rgn=35740
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 13
Section 15
seasons2. Most beaches in Noosa are ‘dynamically stable’ and have benefited from long periods of sand accretion in recent decades (largely due to the general absence of major storm activity as compared to historical erosion events of the 1970s). Noosa Main Beach and Dog Beach are notable exceptions experiencing more regular erosion. The open beaches are shaped and maintained by coastal processes of erosion and accretion, as well as longshore drift which transports sediments northward along Australia’s east coast3. The supply of sand needed to keep the beach at a ‘healthy’ state is reliant on longshore drift processes which is influenced by prevailing winds, swells, and sediment supply, mostly driven from the south east. 2 Thom, B.G. and Hall, W. (1991). OZCOASTSBehaviour of beach profiles during accretion and erosion dominated periods. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 16:113-127. For more information, see ozcoasts.org.au 3 BMT WBM (2013),). Sunshine Coast Regional Council: Coastal Processes Study Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 14
Section 16
Figure 2 - Noosa's coastal zone and CHAP study area Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 15
Section 17
Riverine areas Riverine areas are low-lying areas that are adjacent to river and lake systems and are exposed to potential inundation from periodic storm tide inundation and/or permanent tidal inundation. The Noosa River’s headwaters begin in the hinterland west of Kin Kin and the Cooloola section of the Great Sandy National Park in the north of the shire. On its journey to the sea, the river passes through a number of shallow coastal lakes and past low -key residential and tourist areas before entering Laguna Bay at its mouth. Most of the Noosa River catchment is relatively flat with a change in elevation of only 80 metres from the headwaters to the mouth. This small gradient means that changes to mean sea level, and in turn the river level, has the potential to affect significant areas of low-lying land adjacent to the river. The tidal limit of the Noosa River encompasses the shallow lakes of Cootharaba, Cooroibah, Doonella, and Weyba, and their shores, and will consequently be affected by future sea level rise. Localities within the tidal zone of the Noosa River are Noosa Heads, Noosaville, Tewantin and Cooroibah, Cootharaba, Boreen Point, and Noosa North Shore. Coastal values Coastal zones are highly valued for the social, cultural, environmental and economic benefits they provide. Noosa’s coastal zone supports a mix of land use types including conservation areas, recreation and amenity spaces, urban development and critical infrastructure that all provide value to the community and economy. Feedback received from the community (see Section 3) in the development of this plan emphasised the need to uphold a set of core natural asset and lifestyle values within the coastal zone to ensure the desired attributes of Noosa Shire are maintained and available to future generations. Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 16
Section 18
Community Engagement
Engaging with the Noosa community and other stakeholders has formed an important part of the
development of this plan. This engagement has provided for a two-way shared understanding of
the risks Council and the community face from coastal hazards, and has helped to create a plan
that reflects a vision for Noosa shared by many.
Several rounds of stakeholder engagement were carried out during the course of this plan’s
development with members of the public, industry experts, State government representatives, and
specialists within Council. Identifying coastal values, coastal hazard risks and adaptation options
were topics of focus for this consultation process, with feedback yielding valuable insights into
Noosa’s most valued assets and preferred adaptation options. These activities included multiple
online and in-person surveys, pop-up events, static displays, workshops, and meetings with groups
of stakeholders with a range of special interests.
An important aspect of this CHAP has been working with members of the community to understand
the values, wants and needs of Noosa Shire residents, business owners and other stakeholders.
Knowing that adaptation decisions haveresponses must recognise the potential to be politically
sensitivediversity of values and objectives amongst community members, this process has
required complex stakeholder engagement in order to build upon existing knowledge within the
community regarding coastal hazards, andas well as to ensure community stakeholders are
meaningfully involved in the planning process.
These actions were critical to identifying the locations and assets the local community deems to be
of most importance and why, as well as the extent to which the community is able to tolerate
damage or other impairments to these due to coastal hazards. These perspectives were vital in
appropriately determining the risks and areas of most concern, as well as for assessing adaptation
options.
The most prominent messages from the Noosa community received during the plan’s development
have been:
Natural and scenic amenity assets are considered to have the highest intrinsic value to the
community.
Short -term disruptions to public access are tolerable, with a strong emphasis on restoring
accessibility quickly and safely.
There is a general acceptance that temporary interruptions are reasonably likely to occur
and that these are forecast to increase/worsen, but there is a low tolerance for more
permanent impacts.
There is a strong preference for nature-based solutions that fit with the look and feel of
Noosa, and that minimize impacts to natural environments.
There is a preference for protection and active on-ground management of local beaches,
dunes, habitats and waterways to help build coastal resilience and manage erosion risks.
There is a need for scientific monitoring that provides for local area locally-specific data to
inform future adaptation responses.
The CHAP needs to take a flexible pathways approach that is staged, evolves over time,
and takes advantage of new information and technological advancements.
The CHAP should make clear the relationship with the planning scheme, and not direct
planning scheme changes that adversely affect private property or conflict with the State
Planning Policy for coastal hazards.
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 17
Section 19
Developing this plan This section discusses PhasesPhase 2 to Phase 7 of the CHAP’s development, includingwith each phase listed below. Each sub-section includes the methods used to complete each phase, as well as their respective outputs. Phase 2 – 3: Identifying the hazards Phase 4 – 5: Identifying assets of importance and their risks Phase 6 – 7: Assessing potential adaptation actions for Noosa Understanding climate change & sea level rise The Earth’s atmosphere has warmed significantly over the past 200 years, and this is largelyunequivocally due to human activities that have significantly increased the amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere4. The rise in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is trapping more heat within the Earth’s climate system than would otherwise have occurred without the increases in these gases. This is, in turn, causing land and oceans to warm at a rate much faster than has occurred naturally in the past5. Based on the available science, the factor with the most influence on coastal hazards due to climate change is rising sea levels. Sea level rise is the elevation of global and local mean sea level caused by the expansion of the ocean as it warms, and the transfer of water currently stored on land to the ocean, particularly from melting glaciers and ice sheets. Global sea levels are risinghave risen at an increasingly higher rate than in the past 20003000 years6. Sea levels started rising atin the 1800s following the industrial revolution and as a resultincrease in use of increased dependency on fossil fuels. associated with the Industrial Revolution. Between 1901 and 1990 the 2018, global average sea level has increased by 0.20 metres7. The rate of global average sea level rise is accelerating, from 1.3 7 mm annually between 1901 and 1971, to 3.7 5 mm per year between 2006 and 20188. In Australia, the rate of sea level rise has varied across the continent, with the north and southeast being significantly higher than the global average, and other locations being closer to the global average9. The result of this sea level rise is more land area exposed to coastal erosion and inundation over time. There is also high confidence amongst scientists that sea level rise (along with increases in heavy precipitation) increases the probability and magnitude of compound events10 such as compound flooding (storm surge, extreme rainfall and/or river flow) in coastal regions11. Phase 2 – 3: Identifying the hazards 4 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. 5 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (2021). Global Climate Change. Available Online: https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ 6 IPCC (2021) 7 IPCC (2021) 8 IPCC (2021) 9 Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) & Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) (2020). State of the Climate 2020. 10 Compound events are situations where two or more weather events, which may or may not necessarily be extremes by themselves, occur together or in sequence, leading to more severe impacts 11 IPCC (2021) Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 18
Section 20
The first stage in developing a risk-based plan to respond to coastal hazards is to model and map the expected behaviour of each hazard. Modelling of a range of hazard events was performed by expert consultants, consistent with the QCoast2100 guidelines and Queensland Government technical guidelines. The future climate scenario underpinning the hazard modelling is based upon a high global greenhouse gas emissions scenariopathway known as ‘RCP 8.5’, which is often referred to as ‘business as usual’ because it broadly represents anup to now, human emissions pathway based on our current trajectory of minimal emissions reductionat the global scale have tracked this pathway most closely12. This scenario results in a projected rise in regional mean sea level of approximately +0.8 meters by the year 210013. This scenarioThe RCP 8.5 pathway represents minimal action being taken globally to reduce global greenhouse emissions between now and the year 210014. The adoption of this scenario is a requirement of the QCoast2100 program.15. Council acknowledges the need to considervalue in considering a range of possible climate change scenarios as well as sources of local data in coastal hazard modelling and for these to be incorporated as part of future modelling reviews where appropriate. Ongoing localised monitoring and data collection are important inputs to managing coastal hazard risks, and are discussed further in Section 6 of this plan. Noosa already experiences periodic tidal inundation and coastal erosion events. The first stage of the project sought to understand how Noosa may be affected by changes in tidal water, storm tides, and coastal erosion events due to rising sea levels. These events were modelled using specialised software across four planning horizons – present day, 2040, 2070 and 2100. Coastal hazard map layers produced as part of the development of this plan show potential inundation and coastal erosion extents for each of these time steps. These map layers should not be relied upon for making detailed design decisions as part of the development of buildings, infrastructure or other structures at the individual lot scale. The mapping has been prepared to identify areas of interest that require further investigation for mitigating potential risks. What is coastal erosion? Coastal erosion is the wearing away of land or the removal of beach or dunes by wave action, tidal currents, drainage or high winds. Coastal erosion leads to the recession of shorelines inland and the destabilisation of dune systems if the system is not able to rebuild before another erosive event occurs. Beaches in south-eastSouth-East Queensland typically consist of sand particles that can be easily eroded by waves. These deposits comprise terrestrial sediment delivered to the coast by rivers, sediment produced by the erosion of coastal landforms by waves, and marine sediment that has been reworked from offshore deposits onto the coast. 12 For a simple explanation of Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 and other emissions pathways, see Australian Academy of Science (2021): The risks to Australia of a 3° C warmer world. To understand how they are used in climate models, see Queensland Government’s description at https://www.longpaddock.qld.gov.au/qld-future-climate/understand-data/. 13 Intermediate projections for sea level rise are +0.2m by the year 2040, and +0.5m by the year 2070. 14 It is important to note, RCP 8.5 presented in the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) roughly corresponds to the new Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 5-8.5 in the latest IPCC (2021) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). 15 For more information, see Noosa Council’s Briefing Note titled: Use of sea level rise projections Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 19
Section 21
Coastal erosion occurs when high winds, waves and tides combine to remove sand away from the shoreline and dunes. This can be a short-term movement (called a ‘storm bite’), where the sand gets pulled offshore and gradually returns the beach during calm conditions over many months. Erosion sometimes occurs more gradually as water levels and currents change, causing the shoreline to recede further inland relative to a previous position; this is called ‘shoreline recession’. It can also occur when a hard structure is built within the active beach zone, and instead of dissipating the wave energy like a sand dune would, it simply reflects that energy in-front (i.e. seaward) of the structure, thereby preventing the sand to settle in that area and build up. Figure 3 shows what happens during a storm event to the shore of the beach, as well as the likely effect of significant increases in mean sea level. That is, as the local sea level increases so to does the ocean’s ability to erode our sandy shorelines impacting the frontal dunes that form a protective buffer between the force of the ocean and coastal development. Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 20
Section 22
Figure 3 - Example of coastal erosion processes and projections at Peregian Beach (this image is not to scale and is for
indicative purposes only).
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 21
Section 23
Figure 4 shows an example of the potential extent of potential coastal erosion that may occur during a major oceanic storm event, forby the year 2100, for a portion of Peregian Beach (adjacent to Peregian Beach Park). Due to the narrow distances between each erosion extent projection, the results for other years and locations modelled can be explored in detailsdetail using Council’s interactive mapping website. Figure 4 - Erosion Prone Area during a 100 ARI -year Average Recurrence Interval (ARI)16 marine storm event in 2100 In South-East Queensland, significant erosion on sandy beaches is common after high-energy wave events such as storms, east coast lowsEast Coast Lows and tropical cyclonesTropical Cyclones. Open sandy beaches such as Castaways Beach are naturally kept in balance as sand is eroded from the beach and taken offshore by storms, but is then gradually pushed back onto the beach during calmer conditions. More frequent and severe storm events coupled with sea level rise 16 It is important to note that an ARI of 100 years does not mean that the event will only occur once every 100 years. While for each and every year, there is a 1% chance (a 1 in 100 chance) that the event will be equaled or exceeded, the chance of this event occurring or being exceeded over a longer period, say 50 years, is around 40%. “That is, a 100 year ARI event has a high chance (40%, or between a 1 in 2 chance and a 1 in 3 chance) of being equaled or exceeded over a 50 year period.” See Bureau of Meteorology (2021)’s online article: ‘Why do 100 year events happen so often?’, as well as Noosa Council’s Briefing Note titled: Natural Hazard Probabilities for more information. Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 22
Section 24
make shoreline recession along much of Noosa Shire’s coastline very likely (State of Queensland, 2011).17. This means that when largerhigher-intensity storm events occur in the future, the area of land above the high-water mark susceptible to the effects of erosion will increase landward compared to today. What are tidal inundation and storm tides? As the sea levels rise, low-lying areas will be exposed to more frequent inundation under everyday conditions and also with storm tides. In addition to a worsening of inundation in locations that already experience it, some areas not previously exposed to inundation will also be affectedeffected. This plan deals with two types of inundation hazard – permanent tidal inundation and storm tide inundation. In subsequent sections of this plan, these will collectively be referred to as ‘periodic tidal inundation’. Permanent tidal inundation As sea levels rise, the level of tidal waters increases in elevation in relation to the shoreline, covering low-lying areas with sea water. In practice, this will look like a very significant ‘king tide’. Though instead of occurring every so often as occurs with ‘king tides’ today, it will instead occur from two to three days per month in some locations, and almost every day in others (i.e. locations close to the present-day shoreline) when the tide peaks. In the absence of any adaptation response, this frequent or permanent inundation will mean, in some areas, the ground will be near- permanently saturated, and in other areas, periods of reduced access to recreational areasspaces, roads and footpaths willwhich can cause nuisance to residents and visitors alike. To understand how far this water may travel inland, tidal waters were modelled to show the maximum extent under calm conditions18. The results of this forby the year 2100 can be seen in Figure 5. Additional images of permanent tidal inundation extent for the entire Noosa coastal zone across other years can be found in Appendix 3. These map layers can also be explored in greater detail using Council’s interactive mapping website. 17 State of Queensland (2011). Queensland Coastal Processes and Climate Change 18 For more information, see BMT WBM (2018)’s Phase 3 – Coastal Hazards Modelling Report (Noosa Shire Council Coastal Hazards Risk, Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment: Coastal Hazard Mapping Refinement) Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 23
Section 25
Figure 5 - Area of land subject to permanent tidal inundation in 2100 Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 24
Section 26
Storm tide inundation A storm tide occurs when a marine storm approaches the coast and a storm surge combines with the expected tide to create a storm tide (see Figure 6). These are infrequent events that can cause significant damage to land-based assets. Because of sea level rise, storm tides will have the ability to push further inland than they currently do, inundating a greater area and affecting more infrastructure and other publicly- and privately-owned built assets (see Figure 7). Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 25
Section 27
Figure 6 - Normal tide versus Storm tide (source: CassowarySunshine Coast Regional Council) Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 26
Section 28
Figure 7 - Indicative example of increasing extent of storm tide inundation at Gympie Terrace from 2020 to 2100, due to
sea level rise (this image is not to scale and is for indicative purposes only).
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 27
Section 29
For this plan, a range of storm tides of differing magnitudes were modelled for each of the four planning horizons. AsFigure 8 shows an example of storm tide extent, for the year 210019. Additional images showing the 100-year Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) storm tide extent across the entire coastal zone for other years can be found in Appendix 3. These map layers can also be explored in greater detail using Council’s mapping website. It is important to note that as a result of the topography of the lower Noosa River, the project found that the area of land exposed to a major storm tide event is less than that which would be expected to occur during a major catchment flood event following major rainfall.20. Figure 8 shows an example of storm tide extent, for the year 2100. Additional images showing the 100 ARI storm tide extent across the entire coastal zone for other years can be found in Appendix 3. These map layers can also be explored in greater detail (including for other scales of storm tide event) using Council’s mapping website Land use and infrastructure planning already considers this catchment flooding21. 19 Hazard extent has been derived using methods described in Aurecon (2013: Sunshine Coast Storm Tide Study – Storm Tide Definition, prepared for Sunshine Coast Regional Council) and Airborne Laser Scanning data captured in 2010. Inundation depths are derived from water levels that do not include any freeboard allowance. 20 As described in the 2016 flood study undertaken by Noosa Council. 21 As described in Noosa Council (2017)’s Noosa River Flood Study Upgrade. Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 28
Section 30
Figure 8 - Area of land subject to a 100-year ARI storm tide event in 2100 Phase 4 – 5: Identifying assets of importance and their risks The next stage in the project was to identify which important Council, community and natural assets are expected to be exposed to each of the hazard scenarios, and then determine what the overall risks are to each. This stage of the project was performed in alignment with national standards for risk assessment. Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 29
Section 31
Identifying areas and assets at risk
In order to assess the future erosion and inundation risks throughout the Noosa region, it is
necessary to understand which areas and key assets are presently at risk and which areas may
become threatened in the future. The 2040, 2070 and 2100 planning horizons are used to assess
risk which provides insight into the urgencyprioritisation of adaptation planning. For instance, an
asset which is threatened in 2040 may have more urgency, and thus priority, for an adaptation
response than an asset which is not expected to be at high risk until 2100. Contrastingly, assets
with a long useful life (e.g. buildings and bridges) may require replacement or retrofitting
significantly earlier than would have otherwise occurred (i.e. in the absence of sea level rise) to
ensure their safety and functionality. By prioritising assets, Council is able to commit resources
accordingly based on likely asset life, desired function (including safety), and vulnerability to
coastal hazards.
Assets were identified by comparing the hazard modelling results with existing data on public and
private asset types and locations across the coastal zone. It’s important to acknowledge that not all
assets require a specific response in this plan. For example, a single barbecue in a foreshore park
is considered an asset, but given its low cost of replacement and relatively short life, it is not worth
developing a specific response for this asset. In contrast, the entire park itself is considered
important, both from Council’s perspective (as it owns and manages that asset), as well as from
the community’s viewpoint (as it providescan provide recreational, cultural, natural, public health
and economic benefits).
Using a range of different criteria based on Council’s existing approach to asset management, and
feedback provided by community stakeholders, a database of built assets, infrastructure, and
natural areas that are considered most important to the community and/or Council was created.
Further information on the results of this process can be found in the Locality Risk & Action Plans
in Section 5. More descriptions of each of the criteria used can be found in the Phase 5 – Risk
Assessment Report22.
Identifying the level of risks to areas and assets
A risk management approach has been applied to assessing risks related to all three coastal
hazards risks. The Australian Standard for identifying and managing risks is outlined in AS/NZ ISO
31000:2018 Standard Risk Management Principles and Guidelines and this guideline has been
applied in the performing of the risk assessment used in the CHAP’s development.
This risk assessment approach has been designed to provide a process to incorporate improved
data and risk knowledge over time. It provides an important basis for focusing effort and resources
towards those assets or areas at greatest risk from coastal hazards now and in future (i.e. prioritising
high risk areas and assets) and then determining responses that avoid, mitigate, reduce or accept
these risks where feasible to an acceptable or tolerable level.
It should be noted, that many assets for which a specific risk assessment was not performed can
still benefit from adaptation actions taken for those assets that were assessed, due to their
proximity to these. For example, foreshore works that seek to prevent inundation from impacting a
park will also benefit the barbeque and playground facilities within the park. More descriptions of
each of the criteria used can be found in the Phase 5 – Risk Assessment Report23.
Reference Box #2
Understanding ‘hazard’ and ‘risk’
22 BMT (2020). Noosa Shire Council – Coastal Hazard Adaptation Plan Risk Assessment
23 BMT, 2020. Noosa Shire Council – Coastal Hazard Adaptation Plan Risk Assessment
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 30
Section 32
The risk from a natural hazard is determined by the combinedcombining an understanding of the nature
of the hazard, how likely it is to occur, and what the consequences might be if it did occur might be.
A hazard is a natural or man-made event that has the potential to cause impacts to human and ecological
systems. This can include people, buildings, values, infrastructure, agriculture, environmental assets and
communities. Hazard modelling helps us understand a hazard's intensity (or magnitude), frequency and
source. It is typically underpinned by mathematical modelsformulas that describe the propagation of the
hazard across the landscape. We useIn most cases, historical data and other information are also
combined in athe mathematical model to estimate the probability of the hazard event occurring.
Understanding the impacts of the event relies on determining the ‘exposure’ – that is, what things will
the hazard will interact with (e.g. people, buildings, infrastructure, habitat etc.); and howas well as the
level of ‘vulnerability’ of each – that is, how will it cope when it is exposed to that hazard? For the
purposes of the CHAP, five difference criteria were used to determine the possible consequences in line
with Council’s risk management guidelines. These were:
Community – Social
Community – Economic
Environmental
Council – Financial
Council – Other
The ‘risk’ to an asset/value is worked outdetermined by combining the likelihood of the event occurring
(in this case, a coastal hazard event), combined with the expected consequence (impacts) of the event
on that particular asset/value (e.g. infrastructure asset, recreational facility, etc). Table 1 shows an
example of how risk is calculated using likelihood and consequence.
LIKELIHOOD CONSEQUENCE
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
Almost Certain Low Medium High Very High Very High
Likely Low Medium High High Very High
Possible Low Medium Medium High Very High
Unlikely Low Low Medium High Very High
Rare Low Low Low Medium High
Table 1: - Calculating risk
Estimating risk is has always been an uncertain sciencerequires consideration of uncertainty as it involves
forecasting events for which the exact time and location might not be largely unknownknown, but is still
critical for making sureensuring decisions are appropriately informed by the best available information
available at the time.
Determining tolerability to risks
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 31
Section 33
Ultimately, determining which coastal hazard risksrisk to respond to and how we do thatbest to
respond is based upon Council and the Noosa community’s tolerance to risk and appetite for
certain adaptation actions. Generally, lower risk levels are more tolerable and require less
intensive management actions (e.g. ongoing monitoring) with less urgency than higher risk levels.
The risk tolerance scale in Table 2 outlines how the risk categories may be interpreted or acted
upon. Many risks that are considered low or tolerable today, are expected to become intolerable as
the level of risks increases over time. Some may take quite some time to reach an intolerable level
(e.g. not until the year 2100), whereas others may be reasonably expected to transition from
tolerable to intolerable within the next twenty years.
Tolerability and Timescales
Risk Level Action required Tolerance
Extreme / High Eliminate or Reduce the risk Intolerable
Reduce the risk or accept the risk (provided
Medium Tolerable
residual risk level is understood)
Low Accept the risk Acceptable
Table 2 - Risk tolerance scale applied in Phase 5
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 32
Section 34
Phases 6 – 7: Assessing potential adaptation actions for Noosa
There are numerous adaptation options that may be considered for adapting to coastal hazards in
Noosa’s coastal zone. Each of these has a range of costs and other implications that require
careful consideration before implementing. A key aspect of adaptation planning is avoiding a
course of action that once begun, cannot be altered. In addition, it’s also important to avoid pursing
actions that simply transfer or make the same problem worse elsewhere.
With these considerations in mind, a hierarchy of potential adaptation responses has been adopted
for this plan, shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9 - Hierarchy of preferred coastal management responses for areas vulnerable to coastal hazards
Based on expert technical advice and feedback received through a series of community surveys
and workshops, a range of assessment criteria were applied to a list of 53 potential adaptation
options for assets and locations where risks are considered high or very high. These criteria are
shown in Table 324.
The purpose of this stage of the project was to determine which of these adaptation options are
likely suitable for Noosa or which might work, but for one reason or another, require further work to
determine their feasibility, as well as. This stage also assessed those options that are very likely to
be ineffective or unfeasible for inclusion in this plan. Reference Box #3 explains how each of the
options were assessed and categorised.
24 For more information, see BMT (2020)’s Noosa Shire Climate Change Adaptation Plan: Options
Assessment Phase 6
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 33
Section 35
Criteria Criteria Description
Monetary costs to build/implement an adaptation option (further
Cost detailed studies to confirm costs may be required), either by
Council or private land ownerslandowners
Whether an adaptation option will have adverse impacts on
Environmental
environmental values e.g. Matters of State Environmental
Impact
Significance
Whether an adaptation option will have adverse impacts on other
Social Impact social values or is likely to have community support e.g. access,
amenity, property values
Reversible/ Whether an option is able to be ‘reversed’ or adapted to cater for
adaptable future needs
Whether an option is technically feasible (i.e. is effective in
mitigating the risk and is implementable)
Whether an option is able to be readily approved (i.e. is
Effectiveness
consistent with current planning policy or legislative requirements)
Whether an option provides a long-term solution to the coastal
hazard risk, or is suitable for use as an interim option
Table 3 - Adaptation options assessment criteria
Reference Box #3
Assessing adaptation options
Using the criteria set out in Table 3 - Adaptation options assessment criteria
to score each option, a “traffic light” system was then used to group the options for deliberation as
follows:
Proceed (‘GO’): an option is considered suitable with no other adverse impacts, and requires no
further development (i.e. studies, design, etc)..). These could also be defined as “No Regrets”
options
Investigate Further (‘SLOW’): an option may be suitable, but should be subject to further
detailed assessment at specific locations e.g. cost-benefit analysis or lot-scale surveys
Unfeasible (‘STOP’): an option is not considered suitable at a location and may not be
considered for further detailed analysis.
Having gathered information on potential adaptation options, an important next step in the project
was to undertake more detailed and rigorous socio-economic analyses (known as a cost-benefit
analysis) of the short-listed options using a range of social, environmental and economic criteria,
data and other information. This component was critical to informing the selection of the adaptation
actions presented in this plan.
For the most part, options included for this final stage of analysis were those that scored highly
within the ‘Investigate Further’ category. In addition, based on feedback from Council staff and the
community, it was determined that a number of options rated as ‘Unfeasible’ should also be
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 34
Section 36
included to provide greater certainty and confidence that these actions should not form part of a
coastal hazards adaptation plan for Noosa.
Reference Box #4
Understanding ‘cost-benefit analysis’
A cost -benefit analysis is a method by which organizations can analyse and compare competing
investment opportunities or decisions.
To do this, a model is built that incorporates the benefits of a particular action (e.g. investing in a specific
adaptation measure), as well as the associated costs, and subtracts the costs from the benefits. An
example of such a model is shown in the figure below. When completed, a cost -benefit analysis will yield
results that can be used to inform reasonable decisions regarding the feasibility of a particular course of
action. In the case of the CHAP, the decision tool known as Net Present Value (NPV) is used to illustrate
the long-term value of a particular project. In simple terms, NPV is a method of calculating the total
return on investment for a project or expenditure by comparing the total benefits expected to result
from the investment and translating those returns into today’s dollars, so that a decision can be made on
whether the project is worthwhile.
OrganizationsOrganisations rely on cost -benefit analysisanalyses to support decision making because it
providesthey provide an objective, evidence-based view of the issue being evaluated— – without the
influences of opinion, politics, or bias. By providing an unclouded view of the consequences of a decision,
a cost -benefit analysis is an invaluable tool for councils allocating significant resources, making decisions
that have significant consequences, and creating long-term plans.
The cost-benefit analyses performed as part of the CHAP’s development have been done in alignment
with the requirements prescribed under the QCoast2100 program.
The analysis of adaptation options completed as part of Phases 6 and 7 revealed a common set of
preferred adaptation measures across localities with similar risks, as well as those that would not
be feasible or were considered unsuitable for the Noosa coastal zone.
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 35
Section 37
Options for responding to coastal erosion risks
Beach conditions naturally change over time as a result of various tide, waves and wind and
conditions combining to erode and replenish sand.
However, due to sea level rise, a trend of continuous, gradual erosion of sand from the beach
resulting in long-term shoreline recession is expected. Development and other disturbance of the
natural dune system by human activities increases the erosion potential by interrupting the natural
beach and coastal processes of erosion and sand replenishment. Therefore, eroded coastlines
may increasingly fail to rebuild fully following extreme events, increasinglyincreasing the likelihood
of permanent loss of beach areas and dunes if appropriate adaptation measures are not
undertaken.
Decisions made today maycan have ramifications for several decades or more, depending on the
asset type and the life of the asset, or the adaptation measure pursued. For example, it is
reasonable to expect a house built today to still be in place in as much as 40 years’ time, with
some modifications. A public amenities block or picnic facilities may have an asset life of just 10
years until renewal is considered. Therefore, consideration of short, medium, and long-term
timeframes (i.e. as far out as the years 2070 and 2100) is important when assessing appropriate
responseresponses to coastal erosion risks.
Local government has a responsibility to make well considered decisions and land use policy that
takestake account of longer time horizons using the best information available at the time and to
review this as more information develops. Taking an adaptable and staged approach to managing
coastal erosion risks is essential to managing these risks across both the short and long -term on
behalf of Noosa’s present and future community.
The technical studies performed throughout phases two through sevenPhase 2 to Phase 7 of this
project, as well as multiple rounds of community input, have revealed a set of adaptation options
deemed most appropriate for responding to coastal erosion risks in Noosa. These include:
Dune revegetation and management;
Beach nourishment, dune augmentation and management;
Planning scheme response (development controls));
Redesign and relocation of key recreational and infrastructure assets.
Further details on each of these options, deemed most appropriate, are included below. Options
relating to the ‘Construction of hard-engineered seawalls’ and ‘Acquisition of private residential
properties’ were not deemed appropriate or feasible.
Dune revegetation and management.
This option includes revegetation and maintenance of at-risk dune areas, including weed and pest
control and fencing. This nature-based option is considered a preferred and feasible response for
mitigating coastal erosion risks due to the relatively low cost, high community support, ease of
implementation, consistency with the current scenic amenity of Noosa’s coastline, and lack of
adverse impacts. Importantly, this low-risk management response provides benefits by providing
support for existing beach uses (e.g. recreation), supporting ecological values (beach and dune
systemecosystems and biodiversity), visual amenity, as well as offering some level of protection
against the effects of a coastal erosion event. Ongoing efforts to support dune growth and recovery
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 36
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are expected to delay any potential damage to properties and assets by helping to preserve the
dune profile and stability for longer than if no management intervention were made.
The cost -benefit analysis25 found there is a positive net present valueNet Present Value (NPV) of
$63m63 million (m) for the area between Peregian Beach and Sunshine Beach, and $0.3m at
Teewah. This is due to the very low costs of action and the short-term benefits that the
revegetation and dune management would provide.
While some amount of dune revegetation and management is underway that has important
benefits in slowing erosion, this work needs ongoing and enhanced resources and needs to involve
larger sections of beach than currently targetedin order to mitigate projected increases in erosion
risks. This management response is a critical and immediate priority for Council and the
community in helping to build climate resilience.
Beach nourishment, dune augmentation and management
This option involves a whole-of-beach management approach and includes repeated cycles of
sand nourishment, dune building and revegetation. Sand nourishment and dune building requires a
supply of additional sand to be added to the beach, in this case from an offshore resource.
Earthmoving equipment is used to shape the beach and dunes prior to revegetation work.
For Teewah Beach, this option is not considered feasible due to the high implementation costs
relative to the small number of properties affected by coastal erosion prior to 2100.
For the area between Peregian Beach and Sunshine Beach, the cost-benefit analysis found there
is a positive net present valueNet Present Value of $239 million for this option. The increase in
benefits is significant and is attributed to the high property and asset values that exist along this
stretch of beach that would benefit from this option, relative to the cost of implementation. As such,
this option is considered a feasible option for implementation in the areas of high erosion risk.
It is important to note, however, that the costs associated with undertaking sand nourishment
(approximately $220 million to 2100) are significant. There is also significant uncertainty regarding
these costs due to the incomplete information on a reliable sand supply. In addition, the direct
beneficiaries of this option comprise a relatively small number of private landholders (relative to the
whole local government area). Therefore, as part of the CHAP implementation, Council will further
investigate sand supply, costs and potential funding options including consideration of who should
pay to ensure equitability for the Noosa community.
Planning scheme response (development controls)
Planning controls are currently in place for coastal development to limit the encroachment of
buildings and structures into the vegetated dune areas to preserve natural coastal processes of
erosion and sand accumulation. This includes building setbacks from the seaward boundary of lots
through the Noosa Plan 2020, as well as State coastal building lines for some lots under the
Coastal Protection and Management Act.
These planning controls are supported by maintenance of existing vegetated dune areas by
Council and local bushcare groups to enhance these vital buffer areas including active
management of weeds and pests, and fencing and replanting. Further planning inis underway to
enhance this on-ground foredune management.
25
Aither, (2020.). Noosa Shire Council – Coastal Hazard Adaptation Plan Cost Benefit Analysis
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 37
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However, this current approach does not fully account for the increased erosion risk anticipated over the coming decades as a result of sea level rise and projected increases in extreme weather. Changes to the Noosa Plan 2020 are therefore needed to better plan locally for coastal erosion risks, consistent with the State Planning Policy for coastal hazards. Redesign and relocation of key recreational and infrastructure assets Across the coastal areas, there are numerous recreational and service infrastructure assets that will increasingly be under threat from erosion overtime. Options for these public assets to be either re-located outside high-risk areas, or re-designed to be more resilient, need further investigation. Construction of hard-engineered seawalls (option (Option is deemed not feasible) This option involves buried armoured rock seawalls being built for all beach sections identified as having high or very high erosion risks. These coastal protection works would provide the benefit of protecting a small number of properties and public assets (relative to the whole local government area) from damage for the foreseeable future. The cost -benefit analysis included lengths of wall at the following locations: - 110m at Peregian Park (Peregian Beach) - 410m adjacent to David Low Way (Castaways Beach) - 500m adjacent to David Low Way (Sunrise Beach) - 980m adjacent to Tingira Street (Sunrise Beach) - 1,960m (entirety of Sunshine Beach) In all locations, the alignment of a wall would need to be located significantly seaward of the assets for which protection is sought in order to mitigate impacts associated with wave run-up and overtopping (i.e. slumping of dune landward of the structure). The seawall is also highly likely to exacerbate erosion of the beach seaward of the structure by slowing the replenishment of the beach. The loss of sandy beach that would be a virtually inevitable result of this option would negatively affect recreation, tourism, scenic and ecological values associated with the beach on a significant scale. The cost -benefit analysis found this option performed poorly with a net present valueNPV of - $2.77 billion for Peregian to Sunshine Beach and -$67 million for Teewah Beach. While the expected property and asset benefits are high because the seawall would provide a defence from erosion, the implementation costs would be very high. The establishment of a physical barrier of the proportions required to reduce the risk to the built environment would impair the natural coastal processes of sand replenishment and the natural function of the adjacent dune systems, and thus impact scenic amenity, tourism, recreational, and environmental attributes that are considered of high value to Noosa. These areas are currently characterised by their natural sandy, vegetated beachfronts, uninterrupted by hard walls. The loss of these wide sandy beaches would also impact the broader economy of Noosa. This option is not considered feasible as the analysis found there is a 60 per cent loss in recreational benefits to users of the beach, a 14 per cent loss in tourism expenditure and a 44 per cent loss in non-use benefits (scenic amenity, landscape character) which is considered to significantly outweigh the value of the private properties and public assets being protected. Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 38
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The construction of a physical barrier to withstand storm waves of the size that may potentially occur in these areas would also have a strong potential to result in adverse impacts in adjacent locations as wave energythe erosive forces of wave energy are transferred to neighbouring properties that do not have a wall in place. The analysis also notedIt is important to note that the analysis also did not factor in the interruptions to beach use and potential adverse effects for adjacent properties during construction, which may increase the costs of this option even further. In addition, there remains uncertainty regarding material costs and construction costs, and material supply in termterms of access to feasible rock supply. Even without these broader socio-economic costs, the financial cost of implementation would be significant, given the level of protection required to withstand a major storm event such as aone with an average recurrence interval (ARI) of 100 year ARI storm event.years (i.e. occurs on the average once in every 100 years)26. The required height, required length, land tenure arrangements (e.g. where should it be located, who would maintain it), would lead to excessive construction and ongoing maintenance costs. Depending on the funding arrangements, a portion of the costs would likely be borne by the broader community through general rates or other government funds, even though the works are expected to have negative impacts for the community and economy given the loss of beach values. It is important to note that the Eastern Beaches and Teewah Beach are unlike Noosa Main Beach, which has access to (and uses via the sand recycling system) sand entering the river mouth as it moves northwards along the coast for replenishing the beach when it becomes eroded. This recycled sand is used to cover the seawall along Noosa Main Beach. For the Eastern Beaches and Teewah, there is no readily available sand supply to continually recycle sand back onto the beach in front of a rock wall. As discussed in the sand nourishment option, and nourishment of the area between Peregian and Sunshine Beach would provide a net benefit, however, its effectiveness is not expected to continue beyond the year 2070. In addition, there are material uncertainties regarding a reliable long-term sand supply in the nearshore and offshore environment (i.e. adjacent to these localities). The analysis undertaken for the sand nourishment option assumed this sediment would remain available until the end of the planning period (2100). The analysis demonstrates that the construction of hard-engineered revetment walls would be unviable as it is unable to demonstrate sufficient public benefit to justify the economic, social and environmental costs involved. This option is therefore considered not feasible from a socio- economic perspective. Acquisition of private residential properties (option (Option is deemed not feasible) This option looked at what opportunities could be available for Council to acquire properties impacted by coastal erosion. This also included options for temporary lease back to the property owners. The cost benefit analysis demonstrated that this option does not deliver sufficient benefits and therefore is not feasible for further consideration for any of the localities. 26 It is important to note that an ARI of 100 years does not mean that the event will only occur once every 100 years. While for each and every year, there is a 1% chance (a 1 in 100 chance) that the event will be equaled or exceeded, statistical theory shows that the chance of this event occurring or being exceeded over a longer period, say 50 years, is around 40%. “That is, a 100 year ARI event has a high chance (40%, or between a 1 in 2 chance and a 1 in 3 chance) of being equaled or exceeded over a 50 year period.” See Bureau of Meteorology (2021)’s online article: ‘Why do 100 year events happen so often?’, as well as Noosa Council’s Briefing Note titled: Natural Hazard Probabilities for more information. Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 39
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Fact sheets about the adaptation options subject to a cost-benefit analysis, including those
described above, can be found on the project page on Your Say Noosa.
Options for responding to coastal inundation risks
Water levels in the lower Noosa River and its tributaries (including the lakes) can become elevated
due to a number of factors including rainfall across the catchment area, a storm tide, or during
sunny days as a result of higher-than-average tides. The area of land subject to the effects of
storm tides is expected to increase as a result of sea level rise. In addition, the reach of tidal
waters is going to increase beyond what we currently identify as the shoreline and this is also due
to increases in sea level.
Flood management measures are currently in place in Noosa Shire to help manage the risks of
flooding as a result of high rainfall in the catchment (referred to as catchment flooding). These
include:
stormwater drainage works and flood mitigation works in high-risk flood prone areas
planning controls through the Noosa Plan 2020 that set development requirements such as
minimum levels for new buildings and filling limits for land subdivisions and other works
flood modelling and mapping identifying areas at risk for different flood severities
Disaster management responses during major flood events.
These catchment flooding measures will also help Noosa manage and adapt to changes to storm
tide inundation. For example, the minimum floor levels for new houses or units in Noosaville will
ensure that these developments are safeguarded from direct physical damage from storm tide
inundation.
However, the impacts of frequent tidal inundation of low-lying areas (particularly the parks, road
reserves and some private properties around the Noosa River) require further management action
overtime. Some riverside areas are already affected by infrequent events such as catchment
flooding and storm tide inundation. The relatively long periods of time between events allow for
clean-up, recovery and repairs to be undertaken, and normal activities to resume unimpeded.
However, activities and assets in these areas are unlikely to cope with impacts caused by frequent
tidal inundation. As sea levels rise, some low-lying areas will be regularly covered with shallow sea
water. In the absence of any adaptation response, this inundation will likely restrict access to
roads, footpaths and recreational areas and cause nuisance to residents, business owners and
visitors.
The cost benefit analysis of coastal inundation risks27 assessed that a number of adaptation
options are likely to be both suitable and feasible for responding to the risks associated with
frequent tidal inundation in Noosa’s coastal zone. These include:
Continuing existing measures for responding to risks of catchment flooding and storm tide
inundation;
Protecting buried infrastructure (stormwater and sewerage assets) through installation of
innovative technologies;
Reducing the frequency of inundation to roads, pathways, parks and business areas
through the creation of adaptive landscape measures. This includes low rise levies (see
Factsheet #1) and landscaped walls along some foreshore edges, elevated footpaths and
improvements to drainage;
Ensuring asset plans and upgrades appropriately consider inundation risks.
Fact sheets for these adaptation measures can be found on the project page on Your Say Noosa.
27
Aither, (2020.). Noosa Shire Council CHAP – Phase 7, Noosaville Cost Benefit Analysis
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 40
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Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 41 Noosa Council — Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 41
Section 43
Locality Risks and Adaptation Outcomes
Introduction
This section presents the risks and preferred adaptation outcomes for each locality within the
Noosa coastal zone. A summary for each locality is provided covering: the projected behaviour of
each coastal hazard – (coastal erosion, storm tide inundation, and permanent tidal inundation –),
the likely effects of each event, any risk mitigation measures already in place, and the
recommended adaptation responses for each. Figure 10 shows the location and name of each
locality in this context.
The risks discussed in this section, unless otherwise specified, are aggregated to the locality scale
based on the highest risks within each locality and are for land use planning, infrastructure services
planning, and public and natural areas management purposes. At a smaller scale, each locality is
subject to a range of risks from coastal hazards from ‘no risk’ to ‘very high risk’, depending on the
particular location or asset within that locality. Decision makers at the individual private asset or lot
scale are encouraged to review the supporting technical reports and make their own determination
regarding any risks and how to mitigate these with the information available to them.
The preferred adaptation outcomes and recommended actions (short-term) for the most at-risk
assets are shown for each locality. In addition to the locality specific outcomes and actions, there
are a range of actions that are applicable to all or most localities within the coastal zone. These
are:
Improve the awareness and understanding of coastal hazard risks and adaptation
measures amongst the Noosa community and other key stakeholders
Ensure coastal hazard information is publicly available and understandable
Ensure disaster management plans and procedures are considering changes to
coastal hazard risks where necessary
Engage local business owners and operators in understanding what coastal hazard
risk information may mean for them and how they may contribute to achieving
Noosa’s adaptation outcomes
Assess the availability of offshore sand supply for use in beach nourishment,
including the ecological impact of using this resource [beach locations only]
Implement relevant actions from Coastal Foreshores Management Plan once
developed [beach locations only]
Ensure the Noosa Plan 2020 adequately considers natural hazards and appropriately
regulates land use and development
Environmental acquisitions in high-risk areas are closely considered and/or avoided,
and are instead made in locations that support long-term resilience of ecological
values.
Pursue dune management and revegetation in high-risk erosion areas as a critical
and immediate priority for Council and the community in helping to build coastal
resilience and management erosion risks.
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 42
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Figure 10 - Coastal localities by type of hazards each is exposed to Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 43
Section 45
Reference Box #5
Adaptation Pathways and their benefits
Developing and implementing a coastal hazards adaptation plan requires a responsive, flexible,
and long-term approach that considers the effectiveness, acceptability, and consequences of a
range of responses. For Noosa, the ability to maintain the look and function of our current
beachfront and river foreshore areas is likely to become increasingly difficult due to increasing
coastal hazard risks. Utilising an adaptation pathways approach allows Council and the
community to understand, plan for, prioritise, and appropriately sequence adaptation options.
A pathways approach responds to changes in coastal hazard risks by using trigger points to
indicate when a preferred action or set of actions is likely to be implemented. A trigger can be
based on one or more of three things:
- Environmental conditions (e.g. sea levels have risen to a certain point)
- Public asset functionality (e.g. an asset can longer function to an acceptable standard)
- Community tolerance (e.g. the interruptions to lifestyle are no longer acceptable)
The illustrative graph below (Figure 11) shows the benefits of adopting an adaptation pathways
approach in reducing risks. Without a response, the risks from coastal hazards for Noosa are
likely to rise and become intolerable in many locations.
Figure 11 - Effect of adaptation actions on risk profile over time (source: Bundaberg Regional Council)
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 44
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Reference Box #6
Understanding the locality risk tables
The risk to a range of key assets was determined through the development of the CHAP. For ease of
reading these have been grouped into six broad asset types:
Tourism – assets whose primary function is to provide tourism services, particularly
accommodation
Business – commercial and retail assets (including restaurants) and operations
Residential – any place of residence, whether detached housing, townhouse, or unit/apartment
Infrastructure – All service assets owned and/or operated by Council or another utility provider
such as Energex or Unitywater. The majority of infrastructure assets exposed to coastal hazards
are stormwater, footpaths, beach accesses, and road networks, as well as some other buried
assets including wastewater and telecommunications networks
Recreational – parks and foreshore areas, as well as any assets within these (e.g. BBQs, toilets).
Surf-life saving clubs are also included in this grouping
Natural – refers to all natural areas, whether privately owned or government owned/controlled.
Each locality section below contains a table, showing the expected progression of coastal hazard risks
faced by the broad asset types from present day through to the year 2100.
Additional information on how risk levels are determined can be found in Section 4, as well as the Phase
5 Risk Assessment Report.28
28 BMT, (2020.). Noosa Shire Council – Coastal Hazard Adaptation Plan Risk Assessment
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 45
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PEREGIAN BEACH
Setting
Peregian Beach is the southern-most township in Noosa Shire. The locality has a four-kilometre
beach frontage with a vegetated dune area between the developed areas and the sea. Peregian
Beach maintains the scale and character and atmosphere of a village that provides local
convenience shopping, business and employment services for residents and visitors within the
locality.
Risks to Peregian Beach
Peregian Beach has historically experienced short -term erosion on beaches after strong swells
and tropical storms with sand naturally replenishing through coastal processes such as longshore
drift. The low profile of the beach and dunes and vegetated buffer mean only some areas of the
beach and dune foreshore are exposed to coastal erosion. An increasing number of other assets
may be exposed to future coastal erosion over time. Appendix 4 shows the projected change in
the erosion prone area due to sea level rise across various parts of Peregian Beach during a major
storm event. Table 4 provides a summary of the changing risk profile for six broad asset types
within the locality that are projected to be exposed to the effects of coastal erosion between
present day and 2100.
The main assets at risk by mid-late century (2070 – 2100) in Peregian Beach are: natural assets
(beaches and vegetated dunes); beach accesses; Peregian Park and the various community and
visitor recreation assets it contains (picnic tables, skate park, footpaths); and the backyards of a
small number of residential lots at the very southern end of Peregian Beach. The Peregian Beach
Surf Life Saving Club itself is not expected to be directly impacted during a major erosion event,
however, operations are likely to be impaired due to damage to the park and beach accesses.
Impacts to these assets may also have indirect impacts on adjacent commercial and retail
businesses.
A moderate amount of buried stormwater and sewerage infrastructure is also likely to be at high
risk by 2100, along some streets south of Peregian Park. Victory Park carpark and amenities block
is also likely to be impacted.
Asset Type Erosion Risks by Year
Present Day 2040 2070 2100
Tourism Low
Business Low
Residential Low Medium
Infrastructure Low Medium High
29
Recreational Low Medium High
Natural Low Medium High
Table 4 - Change in Peregian Beach asset risk profiles across planning horizons
At present, the only methods for mitigating the risks in Peregian Beach are:
- Maintaining and enhancing vegetated dune areas, which act as a natural buffer to erosion
by dispersing wave energy during storm events
29 The recreational asset at risk in this case is beach use due to exposure of beach accesses by 2040.
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 46
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- Planning controls on coastal development that prevent encroachment into the vegetated
dune areas, thereby preserving natural coastal processes of erosion and accretion.
Preferred adaptation outcomes and associated actions for Peregian Beach
The assessment of erosion risks in Peregian Beach shows that the level of risk to some recreation
and infrastructure asset types may become intolerable by mid-late century.
Analysis of economic, social, and environmental considerations, as well as multiple legal and
governance constraints and input from the Noosa community indicates the most suitable and
feasible adaptation pathway in this locality is one that provides continuous support for natural
coastal processes and existing beach use, amenity, and adjacent recreational values by
implementing natural coastal protection solutions and a medium- to long-term transition of
recreational and infrastructure assets away from high erosion risk areas.
As a result, the preferred adaptation outcomes for this locality are:
- Implement measures that support and enhance dunes, beach health and natural coastal
processes as soon as possible
- Prevent the construction of hard protective structures where possible that are likely to
exacerbate erosion risk, impact on preferred outcomes for dune and beach health, impair
natural coastal processes, and lead to adverse impacts on neighbouring areas
- Re-locate important recreational and infrastructure assets outside the projected high -risk
coastal erosion prone area by 2070
- Where important recreational and infrastructure assets cannot be feasibly re-located, seek
to accommodate the risks by adapting the design of these assets to be more resilient
during and after a major erosion event.
Figure 12 shows the expected progression of actions to support these preferred outcomes
between years 2020 and 2100. Table 5 provides a breakdown of actions in support of these
outcomes, to be pursued within the five -year life of this plan.
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 47
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Pathways Map Legend
Star = trigger points (points in time for when a decision
needs to be made)
Circle = commencement or future commencement of
adaptation option
Green solid line = active action on this adaptation pathway
Green dotted line = effectiveness of this option may be
reduced and require reassessment
Figure 12 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal erosion risks in Peregian Beach
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 48
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The following actions will help progress the achievement of these outcomes:
MANAGEMENT ACTIONS FOR PEREGIAN BEACH – THE NEXT 5 YEARS
RESPONSE
AREA
Land Use Amend the Noosa Plan 2020 to ensure it aligns with State Planning Policy
Planning requirements regarding coastal erosion risks. .
Assess options for relocating small recreational assets (e.g. BBQ, picnic
tables, amenities) to landward of current position at end of current life
Investigate alternative designs for beach accesses so as to accommodate
coastal processes of erosion and accretion
Public
recreational, Review emergency event response (storm erosion) plans for surf lifesaving
built, and club and update where appropriate
Infrastructure Investigate opportunities to avoid risks to the Victory Park carpark and
assets amenities block
Investigate alternative locations for buried infrastructure along Lorikeet Drive
and Shearwater St
Investigate alternative locations for skate park outside of high erosion risk area
Expand native vegetation coverage to support frontal dune stabilisation
Re-design beach accesses to deter foot traffic across nearby dunes
Install signage for increasing beach user understanding of importance of
Beaches and healthy dune systems
Dunes
Assess options for relocating fencing on seaward boundary of Peregian Park
to permit dune movement
Investigate options of managed alignment of coastal creeks and other natural
drainage locations
Investigate impact of illegal encroachment by private asset owners into
Other
publicly-owned dune areas on dune health and natural coastal processes
Table 5 – Five -year action plan for responding to projected coastal erosion risks in Peregian Beach
Other shire -wide actions are also identified at the beginning of this Section 5.
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 49
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MARCUS BEACH AND CASTAWAYS BEACH
Setting
Marcus Beach and Castaways Beach are localities set in undulating coastal dunes and vegetation.
They are located midway along what is locally known as the ‘Eastern Beaches’. Both localities
each have beachfront totalling approximately two kilometres in length. Protected by vegetated
dune buffers, both localities predominately provide housing for permanent residents, with some
short-term visitor accommodation, and commercial or retail uses. Two coastal creeks, Marcus
Creek, Castaways Creek, and Burgess Creek flow through the coastal dunes to the beach and out
to sea. David Low Way represents the primary means of entering and exiting these localities from
the South and the North. For much of this area, David Low Way is situated between residential
areas and the dune zone and beachfront.
Risks to Marcus Beach and Castaways Beach
The beachfront in this area has historically experienced short -term erosion along the beach and
frontal dunes after large swells and tropical cyclones, with recovery occurring through natural
coastal processes gradually over time. Appendix 4 shows the projected change in the erosion
prone area due to sea level rise across various parts of Marcus Beach and Castaways Beach
during a severe storm event. Table 6 provides a summary of the changing risk profile for six broad
asset types within the locality that are projected to be exposed to the effects of coastal erosion
between present day and 2100.
Due to the ongoing presence of wide vegetated dune systems in this locality, much of the risk from
erosion is only likely to affect natural assets, with some potential for risks to David Low Way and
the parking area at Castaways Beach toward the end of the century. Damage to David Low Way in
this locality could present an accessibility hazard to the community in Castaways Beach, as this
road provides the only access to this suburb from the north and south. Costs associated with
repairing this damage would be significant and involve lengthy construction times.
Asset Type Erosion Risks by Year
Present Day 2040 2070 2100
Tourism Low
Business Low
Residential Low
30
Infrastructure Low Medium High Very High
Recreational Low Medium
Natural Low Medium
Table 6 - Change in Marcus Beach and Castaways Beach asset risk profiles across planning horizons
At present, the only methods for mitigating coastal erosion risks in Marcus Beach and Castaways
Beach are:
- Maintaining and enhancing vegetated dune areas, which act as a natural buffer to erosion
by dispersing wave energy during storm events
- Planning controls on coastal development that prevent encroachment into the vegetated
dune areas, thereby preserving natural coastal processes of erosion and accretion.
30 Some buried infrastructure is at risk, however the primary infrastructure of concern in this locality is David
Low Way
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 50
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Adaptation outcomes and associated actions for Marcus Beach and Castaways Beach
The assessment of erosion risks in Marcus Beach and Castaways Beach show the level of risk to
most assets is acceptable, however, the risk to a section of David Low Way may become
intolerable by the year 2070. Therefore, the most suitable adaptation pathway for this locality is
one that supports the provision of accessibility to residential communities currently dependent on
David Low Way.
As a result, the preferred adaptation outcomes for this locality are:
- Implement measures that support and enhance dunes, beach health and natural coastal
processes as soon as possible
- Prevent the construction of hard protective structures where possible that are likely to
exacerbate erosion risk, impact on preferred outcomes for dune and beach health, impair
natural coastal processes, and lead to adverse impacts on neighbouring areas
- Seek to accommodate the risk to major infrastructure through (i.e. David Low Way) through
adaptive design in order to increase resilience during a major erosion event, and ensure
continued functionality post-event.
Figure 13 shows the expected progression of these preferred outcomes between 2020 and 2100.
Table 7 provides a breakdown of actions in support of these outcomes, to be pursued within the
five -year life of this plan.
Pathways Map Legend
Star = trigger points (points in time for when a decision needs to be made)
Circle = commencement or future commencement of adaptation option
Green solid line = active action on this adaptation pathway
Green dotted line = effectiveness of this option may be reduced and require
reassessment
Figure 13 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal erosion risks in Marcus Beach and
Castaways Beach
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 51
Section 53
The following actions will help progress the achievement of these outcomes:
MANAGEMENT ACTIONS FOR MARCUS BEACH AND CASTAWAYS BEACH – THE NEXT
RESPONSE 5 YEARS
AREA
Land Use Amend the Noosa Plan 2020 to ensure it aligns with State Planning Policy
Planning requirements regarding coastal erosion risks.
Public
recreational, Investigate opportunities to reduce risks to the beach carpark (including
built, and amenities block) and David Low Way at Castaways Beach through adaptive
Infrastructure design as part of asset renewal program updates
assets
Expand native vegetation coverage to support frontal dune stabilisation
Redesign beach accesses to deter foot traffic across nearby dunes
Beaches and Install signage for increasing beach user understanding of importance of
Dunes healthy dune systems
Investigate options of managed alignment of coastal creeks and other natural
drainage locations
Other No actions proposed
Table 7 - Five-year action plan for responding to projected coastal erosion risks in Marcus Beach and Castaways Beach
Other shire-wide actions are also identified at the beginning of this Section 5.
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 52
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SUNRISE BEACH AND SUNSHINE BEACH Setting Sunrise Beach and Sunshine Beach are the northern-most localities in the Eastern Beaches. Bordered by Burgess Creek in the south, and Noosa National Park at the northern end, this locality has around 3.2 kilometres of beach frontage with a vegetated dune area between development and the sea. These localities, particularly the beaches and foreshore recreational areas, are popular with locals and visitors. They contain a range of assets and activities, from residential and tourist accommodation, to popular restaurants and the Sunshine Beach Surf Life Saving Club (SLSC). Despite their popularity these localities maintain the aesthetics and atmosphere of a small village. Risks to Sunrise Beach and Sunshine Beach Both Sunrise and Sunshine Beach have experienced erosion and loss of the frontal dunes during powerful swell events and tropical cyclones. Like the other Eastern Beaches localities, the beaches have typically recovered through natural coastal processes over time. The low height of the frontal dunes, backed by very steep vegetated dunes, in this section of the coastline mean some areas of the beach and dune foreshore may be at risk from a major coastal erosion event. Appendix 4 shows the projected change in erosion prone area due to sea level rise across various parts of Sunrise Beach and Sunshine Beach during a severe storm event. Tables 8 and 9 below provide a summary of the changing risk profile for six broad asset types within the localities that are projected to be exposed to the effects of coastal erosion between present day and 2100. The main public assets at risk in Sunrise and Sunshine Beach are: natural assets (beaches and vegetated dunes); beach accesses; carparks and roads; buried infrastructure, and the Sunshine Beach SLSC and Ed Webb Park. As well as these, a significant number of beachfront private dwellings may be affected. The capacity to provide and maintain coastal protection works (e.g. seawalls) for protection from erosion risks is impaired given the steep profile of the dune system upon which the majority of high-risk locations are developed (such as private dwellings along Seaview Terrace, Park Road, and Tingira Crescent) and the scale of many of these structures relative to their lot size. Impacts to the public assets (e.g. carparks, roads) may also have indirect impacts on adjacent commercial and retail businesses. Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 53
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Asset Type Sunrise Beach Erosion Risks by Year
Present Day 2040 2070 2100
Tourism Low
Business Low
Residential Low High Very High
31
Infrastructure Low Very High
Recreational Low
Natural Medium High Very High
Table 8 - Change in Sunrise Beach asset risk profiles across planning horizons
Asset Type Sunshine Beach Erosion Risks by Year
Present Day 2040 2070 2100
Tourism Low Medium High
Business Low
32
Residential Medium Very High
Infrastructure Medium High
Recreational33 Medium High Very High
Natural Medium High Very High
Table 9 - Change in Sunshine Beach asset risk profiles across planning horizons
At present, the only methods for mitigating the risks in Sunrise Beach and Sunshine Beach are:
- Maintaining and enhancing vegetated dune areas, which act as a natural buffer to erosion
by dispersing wave energy during storm events
- Planning controls on coastal development that prevent encroachment into the vegetated
dune areas, thereby preserving natural coastal processes.
Adaptation outcomes and associated actions for Sunrise Beach and Sunshine Beach
The assessment of erosion risks in Sunrise Beach and Sunshine Beach shows the level of risk to
some residential, recreational, and natural assets could become intolerable within 20 years, with
risks to tourism and service infrastructure assets currently expected to remain tolerable until late
century due to their distance from the projected erosion prone areas.
Analysis of economic, social, and environmental considerations, as well as multiple legal and
governance constraints and input from the Noosa community indicates the most suitable and
feasible adaptation pathway in this locality is one that supports natural coastal processes and
existing beach use and amenity values by implementing natural coastal protection solutions and a
medium- to long-term transition of development and public assets away from high erosion risk
areas.
31 These results are driven by exposure of David Low Way as it crosses Burgess Creek.
32 These risk results are being driven by the potential high level of exposure of private assets along Arakoon
and Seaview Tce. Properties on beachfront streets south of the Sunshine Beach SLSC have a lower risk
rating.
33 The recreational asset most at risk in Sunshine Beach is Ed Webb Park.
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As a result, the preferred adaptation outcomes for this locality are:
- Implement measures that support and enhance dunes, beach health and natural coastal
processes as soon as possible
- Prevent the construction of hard protective structures where possible that are likely to
exacerbate erosion risk, impact on preferred outcomes for dune and beach health, impair
natural coastal processes, and lead to adverse impacts on neighbouring areas
- Begin re-locating recreational assets outside the project high risk coastal erosion prone
area by 2040, such as seating and footpaths
- Re-locate service infrastructure assets to areas outside the high-risk area by 2070
- Where important recreational and service infrastructure assets cannot be feasibly located,
seek to accommodate the risks by adapting the design of these assets to be more resilient
during and after a major erosion event.
- Ensure development in erosion prone areas mitigates the risk to people and property to an
acceptable or tolerable level, consistent with the State Planning Policy – natural hazards
risk and resilience.
Figure 14 shows the expected progression of these preferred outcomes between 2020 and 2100.
Table 10. provides a breakdown of actions in support of these outcomes, to be pursued within the
five -year life of this plan.
Pathways Map Legend
Star = trigger points (points in time for when a decision needs to be made)
Circle = commencement or future commencement of adaptation option
Green solid line = active action on this adaptation pathway
Green dotted line = effectiveness of this option may be reduced and require
reassessment
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 55
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Figure 1414 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal erosion risks in Sunrise Beach and
Sunshine Beach
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The following actions will help progress the achievement of these outcomes:
MANAGEMENT ACTIONS FOR SUNRISE BEACH AND SUNSHINE BEACH – THE NEXT 5
RESPONSE YEARS
AREA
Land Use Amend the Noosa Plan 2020 to ensure it aligns with State Planning Policy
Planning requirements regarding coastal erosion risks.
Assess relocation options for small recreational and infrastructure assets
(seating, footpaths, and viewing platforms along Tingira Crescent, Belmore
Terrace, The Esplanade, and Ed Webb Park) to landward of current position at
end of current life
Investigate alternative designs for beach accesses so as to accommodate
coastal processes of erosion and accretion
Public
recreational, Develop options for minimising risks to Sunshine Beach SLSC prior to 2070
built, and Support review of emergency event response (storm erosion) plans for surf
Infrastructure life-saving club and update where appropriate
assets
Investigate opportunities to avoid risks to the carpark and amenities block on
Tingira Crescent, Sunrise Beach
Investigate long term opportunities for reducing risk to –– Tingira Crescent,
Ross Crescent, Park Crescent, Belmore Terrace, The Esplanade, Arakoon
Crescent, and Seaview Terrace. This includes any buried service network
assets.
Expand native vegetation coverage to support frontal dune stabilisation
Redesign beach accesses to deter foot traffic across nearby dunes
Investigate options for managing foot traffic within frontal dune areas, including
Beaches and fencing design.
Dunes
Install signage for increasing beach user understanding of importance of
healthy dune systems
Investigate options of managed alignment of coastal creeks and other natural
drainage locations where creeks consistently erode incipient dunes
Investigate impact of illegal encroachment by private asset owners into
Other
publicly-owned dune areas on dune health and natural coastal processes
Table 10 - Five-year action plan for responding to projected coastal erosion risks in Sunrise Beach and Sunshine Beach.
Other shire -wide actions are also identified at the beginning of this Section 5.
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NOOSA NORTH SHORE AND TEEWAH Setting Noosa North Shore and the Teewah township lay in the north-eastern part of Noosa Shire. Noosa North Shore boasts outstanding natural beauty with pristine beaches, dramatic sand dune systems, as well as coastal lowlands and wetlands adjacent to the Noosa River. The dynamics of its open coast beaches is similar to those between Peregian Beach and Sunshine Beach, consisting of approximately six kilometres of open sandy beach stretching between the Noosa River Mouth and Second Cutting. Noosa North Shore provides residential and rural style home sites, as well as significant areas zoned for environmental conservation. Noosa North Shore Beach Campground sits directly behind the frontal dune with campsites close to the beachfront. Teewah is the northern-most township along Noosa’s coastline. The township has undergone low- levels of development in the form of single detached houses34, and sits adjacent to beach frontage with a moderately vegetated dune area between the developed areas and the shoreline. Despite having access constraints (due to the beach being the only official means of access), Teewah is enjoyed by residents and visitors alike for the atmosphere that it provides of a semi-remote coastal village of years gone by. Erosion risks to Noosa North Shore and Teewah The beach adjacent to the Teewah township historically experiences erosion after large swell events and tropical cyclones, temporarily exposing indurated sediments (commonly referred to as ‘coffee rock’) beneath the frontal dunes. This beach has historically recovered well after these events via natural coastal processes. The low height frontal dunes mean the vegetated dune may become increasingly at risk from coastal erosion events over time. By the year 2070, the beach accesses, the Esplanade (including the portion of beach used to reach the township), and eventually a portion of private beachfront lots, may be exposed to the effects of coastal erosion. The southern portion of Teewah Beach experiences periodic episodes of short -term beach erosion, with sand naturally replenishing over time. The wide beach and dune profiles means much of the beach is considered at low risk from coastal erosion. However, the backyards (beach-facing) of approximately 102 lots may be exposed to erosion risks by the year 2070. In addition, the campground may be increasingly exposed to erosion over the coming decades. By the year 2070 beach-fronting camp sites and other minor infrastructure may be within the high erosion risk area. Appendix 4 shows the projected change in erosion prone area due to sea level rise across various parts of Teewah Beach during a severe storm event. Table 11 provides a summary of the changing risk profile for six broad asset types within the locality that are projected to be exposed to the effects of coastal erosion between present day and 2100. 34 There are approximately 102 dwellings in Teewah, many of which are leased as tourist accommodation. Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 58
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Asset Type Erosion Risks by Year
Present Day 2040 2070 2100
Business Low(not applicable for this locality)
Residential Low Medium High
Tourism35 Low Medium High
36
Infrastructure Medium High
Recreational Low
Natural Low Medium
Table 11 - Change in Teewah and Noosa North Shore asset erosion risk profiles across planning horizons
At present, the only methods for mitigating the risks at Teewah and along Teewah Noosa North
Shore Bbeach are:
- Existing vegetated dune areas, which act as a natural buffer to erosion by dispersing wave
energy during storm events
- Planning controls on coastal development that prevent encroachment into the vegetated
dune areas, thereby preserving natural coastal processes of erosion and accretion.
Erosion adaptation outcomes and associated actions for Noosa North Shore and Teewah
The assessment of erosion risks along the open beaches of Noosa North Shore and at the Teewah
township show the level of risk to most assets is acceptable for much of the planning period.
However, there may be intolerable risks to the campground and Teewah road access by mid-
century, as well as to some private houses by 2100.
Analysis of economic, social, and environmental considerations, as well as input from the Noosa
community indicates the most suitable adaptation pathway in this locality for responding to coastal
erosion, is one that supports natural coastal processes and existing beach use and amenity values
by implementing natural coastal protection solutions and transitioning public recreational and
infrastructure away from high erosion risk areas over the medium term.
As a result, the preferred adaptation outcomes in response to these erosion risks are:
- Implement measures that support and enhance dunes, beach health and natural coastal
processes as soon as possible
- Prevent the construction of hard protective structures where possible that are likely to
exacerbate erosion risk, impact on preferred outcomes for dune and beach health, impair
natural coastal processes, and lead to adverse impacts on neighbouring areas
- Avoid risks to campground infrastructure by relocating these out of the high-risk area by
mid-century
- Ensure development in erosion prone areas mitigates the risk to people and property to an
acceptable or tolerable level, consistent with the State Planning Policy – natural hazards
risk and resilience.
35 This public tourism asset is referring to the Noosa North Shore Campground.
36 The infrastructure of concern is the use of the beach as the Esplanade and the primary access method for
the Teewah township, thus representing an accessibility risk for the community.
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Figure 15 shows the expected progression of these preferred outcomes between 2020 and 2100. Table 12. provides a breakdown of actions in support of these outcomes, to be pursued within the five -year life of this plan. Pathways Map Legend Star = trigger points (points in time for when a decision needs to be made) Circle = commencement or future commencement of adaptation option Green solid line = active action on this adaptation pathway Green dotted line = effectiveness of this option may be reduced and require reassessment Figure 15 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal erosion risks along Teewah Beach Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 60
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The following actions will help progress the achievement of these outcomes:
MANAGEMENT ACTIONS FOR NOOSA NORTH SHORE AND TEEWAH – THE NEXT 5
RESPONSE YEARS
AREA
Land Use Maintain land use planning approach and ensure the Noosa Plan 2020 aligns
Planning with State Planning Policy requirements regarding coastal erosion risks
Public
recreational,
Ensure asset management plans for the Noosa North Shore Campground
built, and
address coastal erosion risks as part of any asset renewals
Infrastructure
assets
Expand native vegetation coverage to support frontal dune stabilisation
Redesign beach accesses to deter foot traffic across nearby dunes
Investigate options for managing foot traffic within frontal dune areas, including
Beaches and fencing design
Dunes
Investigate opportunities for more effective control of vehicle access to dunes
and turtle nesting areas
Install signage for increasing beach user understanding of importance of
healthy dune systems
Other No actions proposed
Table 12 - Five -year action plan for responding to projected coastal erosion risks along Teewah Beach
Other shire -wide actions are also identified at the beginning of this Section 5.
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Inundation risks to Noosa North Shore
The main coastal hazard risk of concern for Noosa North Shore is periodic tidal inundation, both
from low frequency-, high magnitude (i.e. depth and extent) storm tide events, and high frequency-,
low magnitude. Table 13 shows those asset types within this locality that are projected to be
exposed to the effects of tidal inundation between present day and 2100 (map versions are
available in Appendix 3). Whilst there has been very limited and low -intensity development to date,
a significant proportion of the development is private dwellings located along the shores of the
Noosa River. This Some of these areas experience inundation as a result of king tides and minor
flooding, however most residences are not affected.is prone to flooding and inundation events
today, and Tthese hazards are projected to increase in severity and frequency over the life of this
plan. There are limited publicly-owned assets in this locality, consisting primarily of unsealed road
network, with little expansion of development areas anticipated.
Asset Type Tidal Inundation Risks by Year
Present Day 2040 2070 2100
Tourism Low
Business Low
Residential Low High Very High
Infrastructure Low High Very High
Recreational Low
Natural Low Medium High
Table 13 - Change in Noosa North Shore asset inundation risk profiles across planning horizons
At present, the only methods for mitigating the erosion and inundation risks in Lower Noosa North
Shore are:
- Existing vegetated dune areas, which act as a natural buffer to erosion by dispersing wave
energy during storm events
- Planning and land use regulations are in place to control further land subdivision, and
building floor heights for new buildings
- Major portion of Noosa North is designated for conservation.
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Inundation adaptation outcomes and associated actions for Noosa North Shore
The assessment of inundation risks within Noosa North Shore shows the level of risk to residential
and road network assets may become intolerable within approximately 20 years. Intolerable risks
to natural areas and biodiversity are more likely than not to eventuate by the year 2070.
Assessment of a range of socio-economic, environmental, and governance considerations, as well
as community feedback during the development of this plan, determine the most appropriate
adaptation pathway for responding to frequent inundation risks in this locality is one that supports
existing accessibility services, visual amenity values and natural ecological processes. Therefore,
the preferred adaptation outcomes are:
- The increased inundation risk to service infrastructure assets is accommodated through
adaptive design.
Figure 16 shows the expected progression of these preferred outcomes between 2020 and 2100.
Table 14. provides a breakdown of actions in support of these outcomes, to be pursued within the
five -year life of this plan.
Pathways Map Legend
Star = trigger points (points in time for when a decision needs to be made)
Circle = commencement or future commencement of adaptation option
Green solid line = active action on this adaptation pathway
Green dotted line = effectiveness of this option may be reduced and require
reassessment
Figure 1616 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal inundation risks in Noosa North
Shore
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The following actions will help progress the achievement of these outcomes:
MANAGEMENT ACTIONS FOR NOOSA NORTH SHORE – THE NEXT 5 YEARS
RESPONSE
AREA
Land Use Maintain land use planning approach and ensure alignment with State
Planning Planning Policy.
Public Ensure road asset plans and upgrades on Noosa North Shore appropriately
recreational, consider periodic tidal inundation risks
built, and
Infrastructure Investigate opportunities for maintaining functional road access to ferry
assets landing area
Foreshores and Review and update Council’s Conservation Land Guideline that supports
Natural Areas environmental land acquisition, to ensure the risks to Noosa’s biodiversity
assets from periodic tidal inundation are appropriately considered
Other Liaise with Local Disaster Management Group to ensure emergency
response planning for the rural fire brigade asset on the Homeport Track
appropriately considers increasing inundation risks in that area
Work with Unitywater to commence investigation of options for reducing
inundation risks to residential wastewater systems, including alternatives to
on-site septic treatment/holding tanks.
Table 14 - Five -year action plan for responding to projected coastal inundation risks in Noosa North Shore
Other shire -wide actions are also identified at the beginning of this Section 5.
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NOOSA HEADS Setting The Noosa Heads locality encompasses the southern side of the mouth of the Noosa River (‘the spit’) and Noosa Main Beach in the north, the northern shore of Lake Weyba to the south, Noosa Junction, and is framed by Culgoa Point and Weyba Creek to the west. The Noosa Heads locality provides a diverse coastal urban area with a strong focus on tourism, business uses, apartment living and low -density housing. The locality has a low rise, coastal character framed by a vegetated backdrop to the built environment. Development has a strong relationship to the coast, watercourses and the iconic Noosa National Park with distinctive views and high accessibility to these natural assets. The topography of the locality is varied and includes Noosa Hill and nearby elevated areas, as well as low-lying areas adjacent to Noosa River and Laguna Bay. Much of the natural landform and landscape is retained including the vegetated backdrop of Noosa Hill and areas of natural foreshore. The low elevation and proximity to the coastline and riverfront exposes some parts of the locality to coastal hazards. Noosa Main Beach consistently experiences erosion on an annual basis, with Noosa Heads Lions Park occasionally experiencing inundation due to storm tides. Under future climate conditions, both of these hazards are expected to worsen, with permanent tidal inundation due to rising sea levels also expected to occur in Lions Park and along recreational parklands along the rear-side of Claude Batten Drive. Erosion risks for Noosa Heads Noosa Main Beach is susceptible to erosion on a regular basis due to the shape of the beach (including its north-easterly orientation) and the slow rate of sand movement onto the beach via natural processes due to the headland. Whilst sand can naturally replenish the beach, this process is complemented through the use of the sand recycling system commissioned in 2012. Recession of the shoreline is limited by the presence of the buried bouldered seawall (more commonly referred to as the ‘rockwall’) installed in the 1960s. The low and narrow profile of the beach and lack of vegetated dunes mean the developed foreshore adjacent to the beach is at risk of erosion today. Given the age of the seawall, there is a material level of uncertainty regarding its ability to withstand wave attack or limit a relative increase in the frequency and intensity of wave- overtopping as the sea level rises. The sand recycling system is the most significant infrastructure asset located within the erosion prone area, as well as carparking and shower assets along Claude Batten Drive. Appendices3Appendices 3 and 4 show the change in risk profile across various parts of Noosa Heads as the area exposed to the effects of coastal erosion and periodic tidal inundation respectively, increases due to projected changes in sea level. The potential consequences of an event in this location are particularly high relative to others give the major socio-economic value of this location to Noosa, and therefore high-risk ratings are not unexpected. Tables 1415 and 1617 provide a summary of the changing risk profile for six broad asset types within the locality that are projected to be exposed to the effects of coastal erosion and periodic tidal inundation between present day and 2100. Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 65
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Erosion Risks by Year
Asset Type
Present Day 2040 2070 2100
Tourism Very High
Business Very High
Residential Low
Infrastructure Very High
Recreational High
Natural Medium High
Table 1415 - Change in Noosa Heads asset erosion risk profiles across planning horizons
At present, the measures for mitigating the erosion risks in Noosa Heads are:
- Recycling of sand from the open coast side of Noosa Spit, to the southern end of Noosa
Main Beach
- Groyne walls to slow the northward movement of sand, making it available for sand
recycling
- The seawall on the seaward side of Hastings Street (beneath the boardwalk).)
Erosion adaptation outcomes and associated actions for Noosa Heads
The assessment of coastal erosion risks in Noosa Heads show the level of risk to all built assets
along the Noosa Main Beach beachfront is already considered intolerable. In addition, risks to the
natural assets within the Noosa Woods area will be become intolerable by 2070.
Analysis of economic, social, and environmental considerations, as well as multiple legal and
governance constraints and significant input from the Noosa community indicates the most
appropriate adaptation pathway for responding to high coastal erosion risks in this locality is one
that seeks to provide support for existing beach uses, amenity values, key public services, and
economic activities by continuing (and enhancing where feasible) existing coastal protection
measures in this locality whilst prohibiting further intensification of urban development over the
short- to long-term.
As a result, the preferred adaptation outcomes for this locality are:
- Implement measures that support and enhance dunes, beach health and natural coastal
processes as soon as possible
- Re-locate service infrastructure assets to areas outside the high-risk area by 2070
- Where important recreational and service infrastructure assets cannot be feasibly located,
seek to accommodate the risks by adapting the design of these assets to be more resilient
during and after a major erosion event
- Avoid increasing the exposure and vulnerability of people and property in high-risk erosion
areas.
Figure 17 shows the expected progression of these preferred outcomes between 2020 and 2100.
Table 15.16 provides a breakdown of actions in support of these outcomes, to be pursued within
the five -year life of this plan.
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Pathways Map Legend
Star = trigger points (points in time for when a decision needs to be made)
Circle = commencement or future commencement of adaptation option
Green solid line = active action on this adaptation pathway
Green dotted line = effectiveness of this option may be reduced and require
reassessment
Figure 1717 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal erosion risks in Noosa Heads
The following actions will help progress the achievement of these outcomes:
MANAGEMENT ACTIONS FOR NOOSA HEADS – THE NEXT 5 YEARS
RESPONSE
AREA
Land Use Amend the Noosa Plan 2020 to ensure it aligns with State Planning Policy
Planning requirements regarding coastal erosion risks.
Investigate opportunities for optimising use of existing sand recycling system
for enhancing beach resilience prior to erosive events
Public
recreational, Assess possible alternative locations outside the high-risk area for re-
built, and positioning the sand recycling system pumping station
Infrastructure
Investigate design requirements for the existing buried seawall to ensure it
assets
meets current and future coastal risk conditions, and prescribe any
requirements for an upgrade or replacement of this structure if required
Beaches and Redesign beach accesses to deter foot traffic across nearby dunes along the
Dunes Noosa Spit
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Investigate options for managing foot traffic within frontal dune areas of Noosa
Spit, including fencing design
Install signage for increasing beach user understanding of importance of
healthy dune systems along the Noosa Spit
Liaise with beachfront asset owners to ensure their natural disaster
Other
management plans are mitigating erosion event risks where possible
Table 1516 - Five -year action plan for responding to projected coastal erosion risks in Noosa Heads
Other shire -wide actions are also identified at the beginning of this Section 5.
Inundation risks to Noosa Heads
Inundation due to storm tide and increases in tidal extents present risks to public assets throughout
the planning horizon of this plan. In the present day, areas and assets at risk due to storm tide
include low-lying parks, road networks and buried infrastructure (e.g. stormwater networks), and
natural areas within Noosa Spit.
Permanent tidal inundation exposes many of the same assets that are subject to the effects of
storm tide inundation, however, these events are lesser in area and depth, albeit on a much more
regular basis. It is this regularity that results in permanent tidal inundation representing a significant
risk to some assets within Noosa Heads. These assets include natural and recreational foreshore
assets along the river-side of Noosa Spit, Lions Park, as well as road and other network
infrastructure along Noosa Parade and Noosa Drive.
A small number of private commercial and tourism assets at the Hastings Street end of Noosa
Drive are expected to be exposed by 2100. Other private assets along Noosa Parade and Noosa
Drive are not considered at high risk from inundation due to elevated land and building floor
heights as a result of planning controls in place through successive planning schemes.
Asset Type Tidal Inundation Risks by Year
Present Day 2040 2070 2100
Tourism Low Very High
Business Low Very High
Residential Low
Infrastructure Low High Very High
37
Recreational Low Medium Very High
Natural Low
Table 1617 - Change in Noosa Heads asset inundation risk profiles across planning horizons
At present, the only method for mitigating inundation risks in Noosa Heads is:
- Planning and land use regulations are in place for new development including minimum
floor heights for new buildings.
37 This result is due to risks to ‘Dog Beach’ and surrounds. Lions Park was rated medium risk by 2100.
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 68
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Inundation adaptation outcomes and associated actions for Noosa Heads
The assessment of inundation risks across Noosa Heads shows the level of risk to some tourism,
business, recreational and infrastructure assets is projected to become intolerable in the later
decades of the century.
Given a range of socio-economic, environmental, and governance considerations, as well as
community feedback during the development of this plan, determine the most appropriate
adaptation pathway for responding to frequent inundation risks in this locality is one that supports
existing accessibility and infrastructure services, as well as current levels of residential, commercial
and retail development. In response to these risks, the preferred adaptation outcomes are:
- Use adaptive landscape design measures to mitigate risk to open space recreation and
road network areas. This may include low level walls, seat and garden beds used to
prevent periodic tidal inundation from spreading into parks and road areas.
- Increasing inundation risks to service infrastructure assets are mitigated through adaptive
design.
Figure 18 shows the expected progression of these preferred outcomes between 2020 and 2100.
Table 17.18 provides a breakdown of actions in support of these outcomes, to be pursued within
the five -year life of this plan.
Pathways Map Legend
Star = trigger points (points in time for when a decision needs to be made)
Circle = commencement or future commencement of adaptation option
Green solid line = active action on this adaptation pathway
Green dotted line = Effectiveness of this option may be reduced and require
reassessment
Figure 1818 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal inundation risks in Noosa Heads
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The following actions will help progress the achievement of these outcomes:
MANAGEMENT ACTIONS FOR NOOSA HEADS – THE NEXT 5 YEARS
RESPONSE
AREA
Land Use Review and update the Noosa Plan 2020 to ensure it aligns with State
Planning Planning Policy requirements for inundation risks and to ensure development
is appropriately planned for and considered in the design and siting of new
development.
Investigate a range of backflow prevention methods and technology for parts
Public of the stormwater network identified as vulnerable
recreational,
built, and Investigate approach location, scale and design of adaptive landscape
Infrastructure structures (e.g. non-intrusive levees and raised foreshore footpaths38) to
assets prevent frequent, shallow and low flow tidal inundation of parks and road
corridors.
Foreshores and Ensure landscaping and species management/selection appropriately
Natural Areas considers inundation risks
Other No actions proposed.
Table 1718 - Five -year action plan for responding to projected coastal inundation risks in Noosa Heads
Other shire -wide actions are also identified at the beginning of this Section 5.
38 Depending on the location requirements, these may range in height up to 300mm in the case of raised
footpaths, or a height consistent with safety regulations in the case of barriers (e.g. approximately waist high)
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NOOSAVILLE Setting The Noosaville locality is a vibrant urban setting defined by watercourses and bushland edges including the Noosa River, Eenie Creek, Lake Weyba, and Noosa National Park. Noosaville provides much of the commercial, retail, administrative, industrial and social needs of the coastal urban portion of Noosa Shire and is a major focus area for visitor accommodation and services. The Noosa River foreshore adjacent to Gympie Terrace is an important recreational space for the local community and visitors. The area is popular for passive recreation, walking, dog exercise and access to the Noosa River including ferry stops. Noosaville is topographically quite flat with much of the locality having an elevation of only a few meters above present-day high tide levels. For this reason, low-lying parts of Noosaville already see inundation at king tides, and “daylight flooding” (due to overflowing stormwater systems) after heavy rainfall events. Risks to Noosaville Significant areas of Noosaville adjacent to the Noosa River and other waters areis considered at high to very high risk from tidal inundation by the end of the planning period. The low topography of the locality means many assets are likely to be exposed to frequent inundation. The most prominent of these are publicly owned assets, namely foreshore recreation areas, the road network (including footpaths) and the gravity-based stormwater network. Some residential lots are projected to be partially inundated, though this is unlikely to include the dwellings themselves, only gardens and driveway areas. A small number of tourism and commercial operations may also be affected by inundation. Environmental values present across natural foreshore areas of the river39 and the conservation parks will be affected. Appendix 3 shows the change in risk profile across various parts of Noosaville as the area exposed to the effects of periodic tidal inundation increases over time. Table 1819 provides a summary of the changing risk profile for six broad asset types within the locality that are projected to be exposed to the effects of periodic tidal inundation between present day and 2100. The most significant concerns in this locality relate to the risks to foreshore parks, given the reliance of locals, visitors and adjacent businesses alike on them to create safe and attractive places to spend time. Some areas of Quota and Apex Parks are can almost certainty expect to be inundated under normal tidal conditions to depths of 10cm for at least 1 hr per day for up to 300 days per years. The exposure of Council-managed infrastructure, in particular the stormwater network, is of significant concern as this network already affected by intrusion of saline tidal waters onto the stormwater pipes. As sea levels increase, this is expected to occur on a daily basis. This salt watersaltwater intrusion presents two key problems. Firstly, the salt watersaltwater may damage assets that are not expected to be regularly exposed to salt watersaltwater and these waters may lead to sedimentation of the network. Secondly, the network is designed to carry a specified volume of overland flows of water during rainfall away from developed areas and into the Noosa River. If the network capacity is taken up by tidal waters, these overland flows cannot enter the network and flow out the river, thus potentially leading to some increased flooding in the road network during minor rainfall events. From mid-century onwards, it is very likely that tidal waters may flow back up the network and into the street even under sunny day conditions. As a result, both of these scenarios may create nuisance and disruption to the community, health and safety risks to residents and visitors, as well as possibly leading to minor damage to public and private assets. 39 Including Keyser Island, Hay Island, and Ross Island. Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 71
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Asset Type Inundation risks by year
Present Day 2040 2070 2100
Tourism Low High Very High
Business Low Medium High Very high
Residential Low Medium High
Infrastructure Medium High Very High
Recreational Low Medium Very High
Natural Low Medium High
Table 1819 - Change in Noosaville asset risk profiles across planning horizons
The existing methods for mitigating inundation risks in Noosaville are:
- Planning and land use regulations are in place including minimum floor heights for new
buildings
- Minor revetment walls along the Noosa River shoreline.
Adaptation outcomes and associated actions for Noosaville
The assessment of inundation risks in Noosaville show the level of risk across all asset types in
areas adjacent to the Noosa River is likely to become intolerable by the year 2070.
Given a range of socio-economic, environmental, and governance considerations, as well as
significant levels of community feedback throughout the CHAP’s development, the most suitable
and feasible adaptation pathway for responding to inundation risks in this locality is one that
supports existing recreational and visual amenity values, accessibility and infrastructure services,
and current levels of residential, commercial and retail development.
As a result, the preferred adaptation outcomes for this locality are:
- Implement measures that protect important recreational areas, stormwater network, road
and footpath assets from periodic tidal inundation
- Where possible, re-locate major recreational and infrastructure assets (e.g. amenities
blocks) outside the project high -risk foreshore areas by 2070
- Where important recreational assets (e.g. Apex Park) cannot be feasibly re-located, seek to
accommodate the risks by adapting the design of these assets (e.g. tolerant vegetation
types) to be more resilient during and after inundation events
- Re-design important service infrastructure networks (e.g. road corridors) to be more
resilient to projected changes in hazard extents.
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Figure 19 shows the expected progression of these preferred outcomes between 2020 and 2100. Table 19.20 provides a breakdown of actions in support of these outcomes, to be pursued within the five -year life of this plan. Pathways Map Legend Star = trigger points (points in time for when a decision needs to be made) Circle = commencement or future commencement of adaptation option Green solid line = active action on this adaptation pathway Green dotted line = Effectiveness of this option may be reduced and require reassessment Figure 1919 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal inundation risks in Noosaville Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 73
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The following actions will help progress the achievement of these outcomes:
MANAGEMENT ACTIONS FOR NOOSAVILLE – THE NEXT 5 YEARS
RESPONSE
AREA
Land Use Maintain land use planning approach and alignment with State Planning
Planning Policy.
Investigate a range of backflow prevention methods and technology for parts
of the stormwater network identified as vulnerable
Investigate location, scale and design of adaptive landscape structures (e.g.
non-intrusive levees, innovative design features for garden beds, public
Public furniture, park design and raised foreshore footpaths40) to prevent frequent,
recreational, shallow and low flow tidal inundation of parks and road corridors
built, and
Investigate road corridor designs that are more resilient to frequent wet/dry
Infrastructure
scenarios and incorporate into asset renewal plans where appropriate
assets
Ensure road asset plans and upgrades for Lake Weyba Drive appropriately
consider inundation risks
Ensure landscaping and species management/selection appropriately
considers inundation risks
Foreshores and No actions proposed.
Natural Areas
Other No actions proposed.
Table 1920 - Five -year action plan for responding to projected coastal inundation risks in Noosaville.
Other shire -wide actions are also identified at the beginning of this Section 5.
40 Depending on the location requirements, these may range in height up to 300mm in the case of raised
footpaths, or a height consistent with safety regulations in the case of barriers (e.g. approximately waist high)
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TEWANTIN
Setting
Tewantin is a small riverside town strongly influenced by its heritage and riverside setting and
framed by national park. It is an important gateway to the Noosa River, hinterland areas and Noosa
North Shore. Tewantin town centre provides a wide range of commercial, retail, civic and
community activities, local employment, parks and sporting facilities.
The areas of Tewantin that are exposed to inundation include parks and natural areas on low-lying
land adjacent to the Noosa River and Lake Doonella, as well as Sheep, Goat, and Makepeace
Islands.
Risks to Tewantin
The topography of Tewantin rises enough in many areas to put public and private assets beyond
the projected tidal inundated area. However, there are risks to low-lying recreational parks such as
the Tewantin water park and skate park, the Noosa Marina and associated vehicle parking areas,
the boat ramp, and low -lying areas surrounding and approaching the Noosa North Shore Ferry
crossing.
Appendix 3 shows the change in risk profile across various parts of Tewantin as the area exposed
to the effects of periodic tidal inundation increases over time. Table 2021 provides a summary of
the changing risk profile for six broad asset types within the locality that are projected to be
exposed to the effects of periodic tidal inundation between present day and 2100.
Frequent tidal inundation is very likely to present risks to sections of the stormwater network and
road network, including Moorindil Street leading up to the ferry, and the eastern approach to
Doonella Bridge. The tourism and commercial businesses associated with Noosa Marina, as well
as the accommodation on Makepeace Island, are also expected to be at risk without intervention.
Some existing vegetation communities along natural foreshore locations and Sheep and Goat
Island are at risk, however, it is likely that these will naturally transition to more saltwater tolerant
species.
Asset Type Inundation risk by year
Present Day 2040 2070 2100
Tourism Low Medium High
Business Low Medium High
Residential Low High
Infrastructure Low Medium High Very High
Recreational Low Medium High Very High
Natural Low Medium High
Table 2021 - Change in Tewantin asset risk profiles across planning horizons
The existing methods for mitigating inundation risks in Tewantin are:
- Planning and land use regulations are in place including minimum floor heights for new
buildings
- A small number of revetment walls along the Noosa River shoreline, primarily in and
adjacent to Noosa Marina.
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Adaptation outcomes and associated actions for Tewantin
The assessment of inundation risks to Tewantin show the level of risk across all asset types in
areas adjacent to the Noosa River will very likely become intolerable within 50 years.
Analysis of socio-economic, environmental, and governance considerations, as well as community
input received throughout the CHAP’s development, indicate the most appropriate adaptation
pathway for responding to inundation risks in this locality is one that supports existing recreational
and visual amenity values, as well as accessibility and infrastructure services. Therefore, the
preferred adaptation outcomes for this locality are:
- Implement measures that protect important recreational areas, stormwater network, road
and footpath assets from periodic tidal inundation
- Where possible, re-locate major recreational and infrastructure assets (e.g. amenities
blocks, the Tewantin water park) outside the projected high-risk foreshore areas by 2070
- Where important recreational assets cannot be feasibly re-located, seek to accommodate
the risks by adapting the design of these assets (e.g. adaptive landscape design) to be
more resilient
- Re-design important road and buried service infrastructure networks to be more resilient to
inundation hazards.
Figure 20 shows the expected progression of these preferred outcomes between 2020 and 2100.
Table 21.22 provides a breakdown of actions in support of these outcomes, to be pursued within
the five -year life of this plan.
Pathways Map Legend
Star = trigger points (points in time for when a decision needs to be made)
Circle = commencement or future commencement of adaptation option
Green solid line = active action on this adaptation pathway
Green dotted line = effectiveness of this option may be reduced and require
reassessment
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 76
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Figure 2020 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal inundation risks in Tewantin
The following actions will help progress the achievement of these outcomes:
MANAGEMENT ACTIONS FOR TEWANTIN – THE NEXT 5 YEARS
RESPONSE
AREA
Land Use Maintain land use planning approach and alignment with State Planning
Planning Policy.
Investigate a range of backflow prevention methods and technology for
stormwater network assets identified as vulnerable
Investigate location, scale and design of adaptive landscape structures (e.g.
Public non-intrusive levees, innovative design features for garden beds, public
recreational, furniture, park design and raised foreshore footpaths41) to prevent frequent,
built, and shallow and low flow tidal inundation of Ward Park, RSL Memorial Park, and
Infrastructure Tewantin Park and adjacent parking areas.
assets Investigate road corridor designs that are more resilient to frequent wet/dry
scenarios and incorporate into asset renewal plans where appropriate
Investigate opportunities for maintaining functional approaches to Doonella
Bridge and the ferry to Noosa North Shore
41 Depending on the location requirements, these may range in height up to 300mm in the case of raised
footpaths, or a height consistent with safety regulations in the case of barriers (e.g. approximately waist high)
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 77
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Foreshores and Ensure landscaping and species management/selection appropriately
Natural Areas considers inundation risks
Other No actions proposed.
Table 221 - Five- year action plan for responding to projected coastal inundation risks in Tewantin.
Other shire wide actions are also identified at the beginning of this Section 5.
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 78
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Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 79 Noosa Council — Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 79
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COOROIBAH, COOTHARABA, COMO, AND BOREEN POINT
Setting
This locality (a grouping of multiple localities with similar hazard exposure levels) focuses on the
shores of the two lakes and their surrounds (including Boreen Point township). The surrounding
areas of Lake Cooroibah and Lake Cootharaba that are exposed to coastal hazards are restricted
to the low-lying areas adjacent to both lakes, and adjacent to the section of Noosa River
connecting the two lakes.
Boreen Point, located approximately 2.8 km upstream from Noosa River mouth, is the key activity
centre at Lake Cootharaba and remains a small, secluded, lakeside village with a casual and
leisurely atmosphere focused on water activities which attracts visitors and tourists to the area in
holiday periods. As well as being home to a community that appreciates the low -key lifestyle, it
serves as a popular visitor destination and a gateway to the scenic wilderness of the upper Noosa
River.
At an elevation of only a few metres, the two lakes provide environmental, economic, social and
cultural values. Both waterbodies are influenced by tides and experience minor inundation along
the lakeshore under ‘king tides’. This is likely to be moderately exacerbated under future conditions
with sea level rise elevating the lake water level.
Risks within these localities
The risks posed by inundation in these localities are considered low, relative to other areas of
Noosa’s coastal zone. Due to the narrow tidal range, and distance from the rivermouthriver mouth,
the area of land projected to be inundated is low. Some private lots along McKinnon Drive are
likely to be inundated periodically with very shallow waters, along with some intrusion of the
stormwater network in this area. A significant area of land designated as conversation conservation
is projected to be inundated on a frequent basis. These areas include parts of Great Sandy
National Park, Wooroi Creek Bush Reserve, Moorindil Reserve, Harry Spring Conservation Park,
Cooroibah Environmental Reserve, and Una Corbould Nature Reserve.
Appendix 3 shows the change in risk profile across various parts of these localities as the area
exposed to the effects of periodic tidal inundation increases over time. Table 2223 provides a
summary of the changing risk profile for six broad asset types across these localities that are
projected to be exposed to the effects of periodic tidal inundation between present day and 2100.
Asset Type Inundation risks by year
Present Day 2040 2070 2100
Tourism Low
Business Low
Residential Low Medium
Infrastructure Low Medium
Recreational Low
Natural Low High
Table 2223 - Change in locality asset risk profiles across planning horizons (Cooroibah, Cootharaba, Como & Boreen
Point)
At present, the only method for mitigating the risks from tidal inundation in this area is:
- Planning and land use regulations are in place including minimum floor heights for new
buildings.
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Adaptation outcomes and associated actions
The assessment of inundation risks to these localities shows the level of risk to most asset type is
acceptable, with the exception of risks to natural areas expected to become intolerable by 2070.
Analysis of socio-economic, environmental, and governance considerations, as well as community
input, indicate the most appropriate adaptation pathway for responding to inundation risks in this
locality is one that seeks the continuing provision of key infrastructure services over the medium- to
long-term. As a result, the preferred adaptation outcome42 for this locality is:
- Service infrastructure assets accommodate the increase in inundation risk through adaptive
design.
Figure 21 shows the expected progression of these preferred outcomes between 2020 and 2100.
Table 23.24 provides a breakdown of actions in support of these outcomes, to be pursued within
the five -year life of this plan.
Pathways Map Legend
Star = trigger points (points in time for when a decision needs to be made)
Circle = commencement or future commencement of adaptation option
Green solid line = active action on this adaptation pathway
Green dotted line = effectiveness of this option may be reduced and require
reassessment
Figure 2121 - Preferred long-term adaptation pathway response to projected coastal inundation risks in these
localitiesCooroibah, Cootharaba, Como & Boreen Point
42 The risk to natural assets in this locality will be addressed via Shire-wide adaptation outcomes
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The following actions will help progress the achievement of these outcomes:
MANAGEMENT ACTIONS FOR THESE LOCALITIES – THE NEXT 5 YEARS
RESPONSE
AREA
Land Use Maintain land use planning approach and alignment with State Planning
Planning Policy.
Public Assets and Investigate a range of backflow prevention methods and technology for
Infrastructure stormwater network assets identified as vulnerable
Foreshores and No actions proposed.
Natural Areas
Other No actions proposed.
Table 224 - Five- year action plan for responding to projected coastal inundation risks in these localities.Cooroibah,
Cootharaba, Como & Boreen Point
Other shire -wide actions are also identified at the beginning of this Section 5.
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Implementation, Monitoring and Review
A summary of implementation actions will be developed to assist with the implementation of the
CHAP, covering:
Timeframes for delivery;
Cost estimates (where available), as well as potential external funding sources;
Identification of various tools and processes necessary for delivery of adaptation outcomes;
Methods for monitoring and evaluation of action success as well as coastal hazard
behaviour;
Review of other Council strategies, plans, and policies that may require an update to
ensure consideration of coastal hazards risks is appropriate;
Opportunities for working with the community and other key stakeholders where required.
Climate change is an evolving issue. Our understanding of what the future holds is likely to always
be developing, requiring frequent updates as more information comes to hand. In addition, the
needs of Council and the Noosa community are also likely to evolve over time. Therefore, it is
important that an adaptive risk management approach be taken to a plan such as this, requiring it
to be reviewed and updated periodically to ensure it remains fit for purpose.
Council recognises the important role of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) in reviewing and summarising the latest climate change science for public use.
Due to slow global progress on reducing carbon emissions, Council will use, as a minimum,
regional climate projections that are based on a low-moderate global emissions reduction trend to
inform its climate risk analysis (commonly referred to as “business as usual” or BAU)43. Council will
also use climate change projections that are consistent with those used or supported by the
Queensland Government. In the absence of either of these, weCouncil will seek to apply climate
projections published by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
(CSIRO).
Council will commence a review of its climate response plans and actions within 12 months of the
publication date of new regional climate projections from the above organisations.
Adapting to coastal hazards is a shared responsibility for all stakeholders within the Noosa
community. Success requires the community, Council, and other key agencies to work together to
respond to and overcome the challenges we will potentially’re likely to face in the future as a result
of rising sea levels.
This CHAP is the first step in an ongoing process of monitoring and adapting to changes in our
coastal zone over time. The adaptation pathways and actions proposed for each locality in Section
5 will be continually reviewed and informed by ongoing monitoring of hazards, new knowledge and
technology, and importantly, community input. Noosa Council encourages all stakeholders to
consider how they can prepare themselves to enhance their resilience and adapt to rising sea
levels.
43 Widely acknowledged as correlating with RCP 8.5 in the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (2013) which
aligns closest with SSP 5-8.5 in the IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report (2021)
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Monitoring
A critical component of any adaptive management program is monitoring. Council already utilises a
range of monitoring techniques to survey and assess beach width and volume, offshore sand
movement, and vegetative cover on dunes. Methods include land surveys, aerial image analysis,
boat-mounted surveys, vegetation counts, and bathymetric surveys.
To support the objectives of the CHAP, the following monitoring activities are to commence within
five years of adoption of this plan by Council:
Monitoring of tide levels within the Noosa River (already commenced));
Perform seasonal monitoring of shorelines, as well as annual monitoring of dune shape and
extent, as well as vegetative cover in open coast locations using innovative drone-based
technology;
Monitoring any impacts of intrusion of the stormwater network by tidal waters, including
expression of these waters beyond inflow points, within Noosa Heads, Noosaville, and
Tewantin;
Investigate methods for increasing the contribution to monitoring projects via ‘citizen
science’ programs (e.g. CoastSnap44). )
Council will continue to enhance its program of monitoring local conditions and Noosa-specific data
collection to improve our understanding of current and future coastal hazards, and inform future
adaptation responses in partnership with the Queensland Government, research agencies, CSIRO
and the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) where able.
Financial Sustainability
Council has a responsibility to ensure that it has sufficient resources now and into the future to
provide levels of service that are both affordable and at a level considered appropriate by the
community. A key objective of adaptation planning is to avoid reactive measures where they may
result in adverse financial implications to Council and the community that are more onerous
compared to carefully considered, well planned intervention measures. The CHAP, as well as related
information, shall be used to support the following objectives of Council's Financial Sustainability
Policy 2019:
Council operates in an efficient and effective manner, minimising general rate increases;
Appropriate collection of cash funds for ongoing infrastructure and asset replacement and
renewal;
Future trunk infrastructure financial obligations can be met;
Informed decisions are made on discretionary new operating or capital investment
proposals;
Infrastructure and assets are maintained to required service levels.
Where exposure to intolerable coastal hazard risks exists, Council will also ensure that operational
and strategic decisions with a period of effect that overlaps with future periods of intolerable risk (e.g.
such as in the case of an asset with a long-life expectancy) give adequate consideration to
minimising the exposure of future councils to potential financial risk. In addition, revisions to the 10-
year financial plan and the annual budget process should consider achieving the adaptation
outcomes identified in the CHAP, where the implementation of the outcome occurs within the
relevant planning period.
44 Example: http://www.wrl.unsw.edu.au/research/coastsnap
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Future Studies and Assessments
Throughout the development of this CHAP, a number of opportunities to further our knowledge of
coastal hazards and the effects these may have on a range of assets have been identified. Some
of these have already been funded by Council and completed (e.g. stormwater network
vulnerability assessment) separate to the CHAP studies.
Opportunities for further research include:
Investigation into offshore sand supply, movement patterns including a shire wide coastal
processes study that builds on the Sunshine Coast Council (2013) coastal process study;
Review existing and emerging research that discusses future wave climate projections, and
assess the impact this may have on coastal process assumptions underpinning existing
hazard models;
Modelling of additional coastal erosion events such as:
o A single 20-year ARI and a 500-year ARI erosion event across all planning horizons
o Two successive 20-year ARI scale erosion events on beachfronts where risk is
considered High or Very High by 2040 to understand the effect more frequent events of
a smaller scale may have on ongoing beach and dune management activities
Understanding the potential for saline intrusion into groundwater networks due to rising sea
levels and the effects this may have on residential water use and groundwater-dependent
ecosystems (initial research underway));
Identify vulnerable biodiversity areas, opportunities for enhanced connectivity, risks from
land use, and areas for improving the resilience of Noosa’s natural assets;
Perform audit of building materials and floor heights (inundation areas only) to inform future
revision of hazard risk assessment, cost-benefit analysis, and non-coastal hazard modelling
(e.g. extreme wind impact study).
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Appendices Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 86 8.7.Appendices Noosa Council — Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 86
Section 88
Appendix 1: Glossary Accept: An adaptation approach that recognises the validity of climate science and the intensifying threats of climate change, subsequently acknowledging there is a need to implement adaptive strategies. Accommodate: An adaptation approach that seeks to allow the continued or extended use of vulnerable areas by reducing the sensitivity and/or exposure to sea level rise and other coastal hazards. For example, elevated floor requirements, increased setback requirements, hazard insurance, improved drainage and the preparation of emergency evacuation plans. Accommodation measures are often cost effective in a transitional strategy and are particularly suitable for areas with modest to higher value assets where exposure to climate change risk is low to medium. Adaptation pathways: A series of adaptation choices involving trade-offs between short-term and long-term goals and values. These are processes of deliberation to identify solutions that are meaningful to people in the context of their daily lives and to avoid potential maladaptation. Avoid: An adaptation approach where planned actions are taken to avoid the impacts of climate change and coastal hazards on assets. For example, to avoid the impacts of coastal and estuarine flooding and inundation, building codes and regulations can be implemented. Early acceptance of climate change impacts is needed so that planners and decision makers have sufficient time to adjust legislation and building codes. Carbon Reduction (emissions reduction): Human interventions to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases. Climate: What we experience as the day-to-day state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time regarding heat, rain, wind, cloudiness, humidity etc. is the ‘weather’ and it is recorded at hourly or daily timeframes. Climate is the weather of a particular place averaged over a period of time, most often 30 years (though sometimes longer). Climate Change: A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period. Defend: An adaptation approach where actions are taken to physically protect assets. See protect. Greenhouse Gas: Gases in the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb infrared radiation and trap the heat from the sun, contributing to the greenhouse effect (the warming of Earth’s surface and the air above it). Maladaptation: Actions that may, as an unintended consequence, lead to increased risk of adverse climate-related outcomes, including via increased GHG emissions, increased vulnerability to climate change, or diminished welfare, now or in the future. Protect: An adaptation approach which involves the continuation of use of vulnerable areas and assets from inundation and sea level rise by using hard or soft defensive measures. Hard defensive measures include sea walls, breakwaters, storm tide barriers; and ‘soft’ defensive measures include beach nourishment, dune management and restoration. Resilience: The capacity of social, economic, and environmental systems to cope with a hazardous event, trend, or disturbance, responding or reorganising in ways that maintain their Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 87
Section 89
essential function, identity, and structure, while also maintaining the capacity for adaptation, learning, and transformation. Sea-level rise: The rise of global and local mean sea level caused by the expansion of the ocean as it warms, and the transfer of water currently stored on land to the ocean, particularly from melting glaciers and ice sheets. Sea levels are projected to rise disproportionally on a global scale with regions closest to the equator seeing more rapid and extreme changes. Trigger point (or triggers): A decision-point which initiates adaptive actions before coastal hazards reach an adaptation-threshold beyond which undue harm occurs and costs of adaptation increase. Triggers are preceded by signals that provide an early warning of the emergence of the trigger. Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 88
Section 90
Appendix 2: Frequently Asked Questions How will the plan affect future development on my land? The CHAP has an important role in identifying and mapping future erosion and inundation hazards. It also identifies in Section 5 the area-specific options and recommendations for managing these risks. This includes what measures are already in place such as planning regulations and protective infrastructure such as foreshore revetment walls. For many areas, new actions are proposed to investigate improvements to infrastructure or other public assets (e.g. stormwater networks, roads, pathways, emergency service buildings). For some areas affected by coastal erosion along the open coast beaches between Peregian and Sunshine Beach and at Noosa Main Beach and Noosa North Shore, there are also recommendations to review and update the Noosa Plan 2020 (planning scheme) where appropriate to ensure it is consistent with the State Planning Policy for erosion risks. Changes to the Noosa Plan 2020 (i.e. to respond to coastal erosion) were also part of the Ministerial conditions accompanying approval of the Noosa Plan 2020, and will be subject to a separate community consultation process. Changes to a planning scheme are called an 'amendment', and must be done in accordance with the Queensland Planning Act 2016. Why has Council used a projected sea-level rise figure of 0.8m for the year 2100 and not a higher / lower figure? The QCoast2100 Minimum Standards & Guideline, and the Queensland Government’s State Planning Policy 2017, currently require all participating local governments in Queensland use a projected sea level rise figure of +0.8 mAHD by the year 2100. Are other councils doing this? Yes, there are over 30 other coastal councils in Queensland participating in the QCoast2100 program. Nearly half of all participating councils have already completed their plans. How reliable are the mapping results? Each of the coastal hazards have been modelled in compliance with the QCoast2100 Minimum Standards and Guidelines, and the Queensland Coastal Hazards Technical Guideline (2013). Local governments have a duty of care to obtain information regarding natural hazards, to the best of their capability, and ensure this information is publicly available and is used to inform council policies and decisions where required. Why is the new mapping different to the State mapping and planning scheme mapping? The CHAP project updates the State Government erosion prone areas mapping (released in 2013). The State mapping is suitable for a ‘first pass’ assessment of erosion prone areas and uses a simpler methodology than the CHAP project. The State’s mapping does not provide sufficient information regarding likelihood and consequence used for the more detailed risk assessments required by local governments for planning purposes. Further, it provides mapping results for the year 2100 but not the intervening years (i.e. 2040 and 2070). These knowledge gaps have been addressed as part of the CHAP project and its coastal erosion mapping. What about other climate change risks? Council has performed a first-pass assessment of risks from other climate change-related hazards such as heatwaves, flooding, and drought as part of the development of its Climate Change Response Plan 2021. This plan was recently endorsed by Council, and can be viewed on Your Say Noosa. What about mitigation of greenhouse gases? Council’s commitment to reducing greenhouse gases has been incorporated into the recently endorsed Noosa Climate Change Response Plan 2021, which can be viewed on Your Say Noosa. Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 89
Section 91
Appendix 3: Coastal Hazard Maps – Storm Tide Inundation and Permanent
Tidal Inundation
(Please also refer to Council’s online mapping for inundation extents)
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 90
Section 92
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 91
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Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 95
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Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 97
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Noosa Council — Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 100Section 102
Appendix 4: Coastal Hazard Maps - Coastal Erosion (Please also refer to Council’s online mapping for Coastal Erosion extents) Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 101
Section 103
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 102
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4 1 1 1 48 0 632 2444 118 37 -1
5 1 1 1 48 1 632 2444 118 37 95 COAST
5 1 1 1 48 2 982 2449 93 20 26 Rose
4 1 1 1 49 0 597 2460 760 117 -1
5 1 1 1 49 1 597 2480 185 22 96 REGIONAL
5 1 1 1 49 2 1161 2460 196 117 47 NCS
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5 1 1 1 50 1 257 2621 119 24 13 eit
5 1 1 1 50 2 388 2621 122 24 1 eesti
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4 1 1 1 51 0 319 2693 26 15 -1
5 1 1 1 51 1 319 2693 26 15 93 Lot
4 1 1 1 52 0 250 2723 385 29 -1
5 1 1 1 52 1 250 2723 60 29 35 WBE
5 1 1 1 52 2 319 2729 316 17 6 Cotcutated
5 1 1 1 52 3 418 2719 69 37 57 Erosion
5 1 1 1 52 4 486 2729 87 17 89 Distance
5 1 1 1 52 5 575 2719 14 37 89 -
5 1 1 1 52 6 588 2719 47 37 81 2020
4 1 1 1 53 0 2145 2842 16 19 -1
5 1 1 1 53 1 2145 2842 16 19 92 N
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5 1 1 1 54 8 573 2945 28 28 16 cee
5 1 1 1 54 9 608 2945 31 28 13 pert
5 1 1 1 54 10 664 2958 6 6 17 ©
5 1 1 1 54 11 678 2945 28 28 0 pmet
5 1 1 1 54 12 710 2945 22 28 0 ee
5 1 1 1 54 13 1549 2945 99 16 87 Coordinate
5 1 1 1 54 14 1655 2946 70 18 4 Systerc
5 1 1 1 54 15 1733 2945 42 16 77 GOA
5 1 1 1 54 16 1786 2920 39 50 78 1358
5 1 1 1 54 17 1822 2941 105 29 88 MGAZone
5 1 1 1 54 18 1929 2941 28 29 82 56
5 1 1 1 54 19 2095 2919 35 51 57 +20
5 1 1 1 54 20 2137 2919 33 51 57 600
4 1 1 1 55 0 249 2967 1918 19 -1
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5 1 1 1 55 15 1647 2957 105 34 54 Trarsverse
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4 1 1 1 57 0 238 3220 2003 39 -1
5 1 1 1 57 1 238 3220 116 31 95 Noosa
5 1 1 1 57 2 369 3220 134 31 92 Council
5 1 1 1 57 3 517 3238 23 3 90 —
5 1 1 1 57 4 554 3220 136 31 95 Coastal
5 1 1 1 57 5 709 3220 149 31 95 Hazards
5 1 1 1 57 6 873 3220 195 38 96 Adaptation
5 1 1 1 57 7 1086 3220 78 31 96 Plan
5 1 1 1 57 8 2068 3220 92 39 96 Page
5 1 1 1 57 9 2177 3220 64 31 95 102Section 104
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 103
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Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 104
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Noosa Council — Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 104Section 106
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 105
— ys ia
at oe Does
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Noosa Council — Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 105Section 107
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 106
Zz iii
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Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 107
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Prorrrrn i —
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Noosa Council — Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 107Section 109
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 108
I<
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N
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Noosa Council — Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 108Section 110
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 109
corms (“Poe
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a
1) Cetcutstes Erosion Distance - 210
N
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Noosa Council — Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 109Section 111
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 110
oO
re
re
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SPs : ; . eI ats oO
=. : S il ih SsSection 112
Noosa Council – Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 111
National
Purk
Noosa Heads rs
Nowa . I A
Nationa . |i,
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ft
e ai
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tin
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WEBBER Cotcurstes Erosion Distance - 2040
N
Osea: The hematin uardenes h tn map hes iam pen tes = gonad Coordinate Syste: GOA 1954 MGA Zone 55 +isem0
CONE oe at ae meee mae be emee Be anes y ant ceeietomes Bee cate Projection: Transverse Mercator yOS2021
MIM ame Ae Corp Serv Gs
Noosa Council — Coastal Hazards Adaptation Plan Page 111The text continues on section 113.