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2020-01-16 OM Agenda - Item 1 - Attachment 1 - Draft SEQ Koala Conservation Strategy 2019-2024
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Draft South East Queensland
Koala Conservation Strategy
2019–2024
#31903 | 1019
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Section 2
© State of Queensland, 2019. The Queensland Government supports and encourages the dissemination and exchange of its information. The copyright in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY) licence. Under this licence you are free, without having to seek our permission, to use this publication in accordance with the licence terms. You must keep intact the copyright notice and attribute the State of Queensland as the source of the publication. For more information on this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en. #31903 | 1019
Section 3
DRAFT South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2024
Contents
Minister’s foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Government actions in progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Proposed future actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1. Strategic coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2. Habitat protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3. Habitat restoration for koalas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4. Threat management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5. Community engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6. Improved mapping, monitoring, research and reporting . . . . 30
Have your say on this draft strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Page 1 |
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Minister’s foreword
The koala is the quintessential Australian animal;
a species of state, national and international
importance—a natural and cultural heritage icon.
In Queensland, the greatest concentration of koalas
is in South East Queensland where they compete for
space with a rapidly growing population and high The identification of Koala Priority Areas will allow
demand for development. As well as habitat loss, us to direct Government investment and other
they face threats from vehicle strikes, dog attacks actions—such as restoration and threat mitigation—
and disease. in places where they have the highest likelihood of
success for koala conservation.
Safeguarding the survival of koala populations and
habitat amid our state’s growing South East is a The Strategy also proposes new ways that we
complex task—but one that must be addressed. The can further protect koalas through strategic
Queensland Government is committed to protecting coordination, habitat restoration, threat mitigation
koalas and appointed the Koala Expert Panel to and community action.
provide advice on their future protection. I invite comments from all Queenslanders on this
The South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy. Submissions can be made online at
Strategy outlines how the Government is delivering www.qld.gov.au/SEQkoalas.
on the Panel’s six recommendations for improving This Strategy is an important step to delivering a
koala conservation measures. strong coordinated approach to koala conservation
It is essential that we do not lose any more of in South East Queensland.
the best quality koala habitat. As a core part of
this Strategy, the Queensland Government has
introduced new mapping of koala habitat across
South East Queensland. Leeanne Enoch MP
Minister for Environment and the Great Barrier Reef
Minister for Science and Minister for the Arts
| Page 2
Section 5
DRAFT South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2024
Vision
A sustainable koala
population in the wild in
South East Queensland that
is supported by a coordinated
and strategic approach to
habitat protection, habitat
enhancement and threat
reduction.
Sustainable refers to a koala population
that is able to be maintained at least at its
current density levels.
Page 3 |
Section 6
Introduction
In Queensland, the greatest concentration of koalas is in South
East Queensland (SEQ), where they now compete for space with
a rapidly growing human population. Three quarters (74%) of core
koala habitat has already been cleared in SEQ1 since 1960 and the
species is now listed as vulnerable.2
While habitat loss is the most significant problem The plight of the Queensland koala
affecting koalas in SEQ, it needs to be addressed Koalas are widely distributed across Queensland,
in conjunction with other factors such as disease with a nationally significant population in SEQ.
management, traffic, dog attacks and effective
rescue and rehabilitation programs. The Queensland Government has been monitoring
koalas in SEQ for more than 20 years and in this
The draft South East Queensland Koala Conservation time has amassed considerable data on koala
Strategy 2019–2024 is underpinned by a proposal distribution, density and demographic parameters.3
to direct investment to areas where there is the
highest likelihood of success for koala conservation. The South East Queensland Koala Population
Focusing on a coordinated approach to habitat Modelling Study, presented to the Queensland
protection, restoration and threat mitigation actions, Government, highlighted an 80% decline in koala
it strikes the right balance between necessary population densities along the ‘Koala Coast’
development and koala conservation. (Wellington Point to the Logan River) and 54%
decline in koala population densities in the Pine
The draft Strategy proposes new ways we can Rivers region between 1996 and 2014.3
further protect koalas into the future and has been
developed in consultation with representatives from This decline is the result of a number of factors,
the conservation, building and development sectors, with habitat loss being the most significant. During
Traditional Owners and First Nations peoples, state this same period, Greater Brisbane’s population
and local government, through the Koala Advisory increased at a rate faster than any capital city in
Council (KAC), to outline the actions needed to Australia, growing by 40%.
improve koala conservation. The best habitat for koalas, with rich fertile soil for
Your feedback on this draft Strategy will inform producing eucalyptus trees, are the areas that are
the development of future policies, legislation and also preferred for human settlement, agriculture and
management actions. The Strategy will also draw industry, this illustrates the competition for land in
upon meetings, workshops and other consultation SEQ.
measures with local government representatives Current projections indicate the human population
and key stakeholders to ensure a collaborative and of SEQ will rise by two million people (to a total of
balanced approach. 5.3 million) by 2041. This creates the need for, on
The Queensland Government invites comments from average, more than 30,000 new dwellings each year.
all Queenslanders on the proposed actions in this
draft Strategy. Submissions can be made online at
the Queensland Government’s Get Involved website
(www.qld.gov.au/SEQkoalas).
1 Biodiversity Assessment Team, Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science.
2 Queensland’s Nature Conservation Act 1992 (NC Act), and the Commonwealth’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity
Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act).
3 Rhodes, J.R., H. Beyer, H. Preece, and C. McAlpine. 2015. South East Queensland Koala Population Modelling Study. Uniquest,
Brisbane, Australia.
| Page 4
Section 7
DRAFT South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2024
Given the importance of the most suitable habitat
for koalas (as it has the ability to sustain higher
densities of koala populations) it is imperative that
there is no further net loss of remaining habitat.
Protection and restoration should be prioritised for
these areas.
The Koala Expert Panel
In response to community concern about the rapid
decline of koalas the Queensland Government
appointed the Koala Expert Panel (KEP) in July 2016
to provide government with recommendations
on the most appropriate and realistic actions to
address the decline in, and ensure the persistence
of, koala populations in the wild across SEQ.
The KEP, made up of experts in ecology, wildlife
management, and planning and environment
law, made six recommendations with supporting
actions. The Queensland Government Response
to the KEP report, committed to implementing
all six recommendations and this draft Strategy
outlines the proposed actions that respond to each
recommendation.
The recommendations of the KEP were for:
1. A strategic and coordinated approach to koala
conservation.
2. Ensure koala habitat is protected.
3. Strategic and landscape-scale koala habitat
restoration.
4. Coordinated threat reduction and koala
population management.
5. Strong community partnerships and
engagement.
6. Targeted mapping, monitoring, research and
reporting.
Page 5 |
Section 8
| Page 6
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5 1 1 1 31 1 1706 2426 33 27 30 aSection 9
DRAFT South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2024
Government actions in progress
Achieving the vision of a sustainable koala 2. engaging stakeholders to support the delivery of
population in the wild in SEQ requires a strategic the Strategy
commitment to the protection and expansion 3. ensuring transparency and accountability in
of koala habitat, and effective threat mitigation government decision making by monitoring
actions. progress
The government must be proactive and has already 4. evaluating the outcomes of the Queensland
begun this work, implementing key reforms that will Government’s monitoring and evaluation
serve as the foundation of future actions: program and providing recommendations to
ensure that government is on track to meet the
• creating a Koala Advisory Council to coordinate,
targets, and endorsing the associated public
provide advice and ensure transparency and
report on changes to koala habitat over time
accountability
5. ensuring the long-term agenda for koala
• developing new spatial modelling for koala
conservation is maintained
habitat in SEQ
6. representing the views of stakeholder networks.
• defining Koala Priority Areas (KPA) to identify the
optimum areas for koala habitat conservation The KAC is chaired by Mr Mark Townend, former
and preparing changes to the SEQ planning Chief Executive Officer, RSPCA Queensland,
framework to support this. and membership includes representatives from
Queensland Government departments, the Local
The fundamental principle behind the government’s
Government Association of Queensland, non-
new approach for the delivery of koala conservation
government organisations and industry.
measures is the coordinated and strategic delivery
of habitat protection, habitat restoration and The KAC was instrumental in the development of
threat mitigation actions. This approach differs this draft Strategy, upcoming planning reforms,
from previous strategies, as it directs actions and will continue to play a pivotal role in koala
and policies to areas where there is the highest conservation in SEQ throughout the implementation
likelihood of success for koala conservation. of the final Strategy.
The Koala Advisory Council Spatial modelling for koala habitat in SEQ
The formation of the KAC was one of the The Queensland Government has developed state-
recommendations made by the KEP and was of-the-art koala habitat mapping using advanced
essential to coordinate and provide advice modelling techniques and its expertise in state-
to government on the development and wide, comprehensive vegetation mapping. The new
implementation of this draft Strategy, including methodology, endorsed by the KEP, integrates a
resourcing requirements, and to ensure species distribution model with the Queensland
transparency and accountability in decision making. Herbarium’s regional ecosystem, mapping and
validated koala occurrence records, to produce a
The KAC was appointed in 2018 to play a pivotal
comprehensive map that ranks koala habitat values
role in guiding and coordinating koala conservation
across SEQ.
effort by providing communication and
collaboration pathways among state government The new approach uses a set of key biophysical
departments, local governments, community variables, associated with koala sightings, to
organisations, non-government organisations and construct a model linked to the regional ecosystem
industry through: mapping.
1. providing advice to government on the Linking the new koala habitat mapping with the
preparation and implementation of the draft government’s existing vegetation and land cover
Strategy, including continuous improvement mapping allows the modelling to be updated and
when the outcomes of the Strategy are evaluated refined as new data becomes available.
Page 7 |
Section 10
Government actions in progress
The mapped koala habitat represents the best The habitat map produced by the new spatial
habitat for koalas, based on the combination of modelling was the primary tool used to define KPA
biophysical measures, suitable vegetation (for food by identifying areas of high quality koala habitat, as
and shelter) and koala occurrence records. well as areas where koala habitat could be restored
through targeted conservation efforts.
Based on the new modelling, the area of remnant
and high-value regrowth koala habitat remaining in
SEQ covers an area of 634,256 ha (Map B). Koala Priority Areas
The Queensland Government is committed to
The new koala habitat mapping was developed to
implementing a single koala habitat map for SEQ, in
identify the habitat that koalas prefer based on
accordance with the recommendations of the KEP.
vegetation type, expert analysis and modelling.
Koala habitat within KPA represents the best habitat
Map C ranks the suitability of the different types
suitable for sustaining populations of koalas.
of pre-clearing habitat for koalas and Map D, for
current habitat. KPA are large, connected areas that contain both
koala habitat and restoration areas that will focus
This state-of-the-art new koala habitat mapping was
efforts for habitat protection, habitat restoration
first introduced to update koala habitat regulated as
and threat mitigation actions to areas that have
Essential Habitat under the Vegetation Management
the highest likelihood of achieving conservation
Act 1999 in December 2018. It identified an
outcomes for koalas.
additional 190,000 ha of high quality koala habitat
to be regulated to prevent the loss of biodiversity.
Map A: Pre-clearing (1960s) koala habitat extent Map B: Remaining extent of remnant and high-value regrowth
koala habitat
| Page 8
Section 11
DRAFT South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2024
The Queensland Government intends to implement Map E illustrates the proposed Koala Conservation
regulatory amendments to ensure KPA have the Plan map, including the location of the KPA, koala
strictest clearing controls and are a focus for habitat areas, and locally refined koala habitat
restoration actions to enhance existing protected areas and encompasses both urban and rural koala
habitat. The regulatory amendments will also populations.
protect koala habitat that is outside KPA.
The Koala Conservation Plan map has been
The regulatory amendments will also provide released for community feedback. The map is
details of specific exemptions for the controls on based on the new modelling for koala habitat areas,
clearing koala habitat. Development will only be and incorporates locally refined koala habitat
exempt from the controls on clearing koala habitat areas, which have been nominated for protection in
if it meets one of the specific exemptions. several local government areas.
Both vegetation and koala habitat maps will
be updated annually, allowing the Queensland
Government to accurately identify the best quality
koala habitat and track changes over time while
also giving landholders certainty.
Map C: Pre-clearing koala habitat by suitability (1960s) Map D: Remaining extent of remnant and high-value regrowth
koala habitat by suitability
Page 9 |
Section 12
Government actions in progress
152°E
Koala Habitat Areas v1.0 153°E
Koala Priority Areas v1.0
Koala Habitat Areas
Core Koala Habitat Areas v1.0
Locally Refined Koala Habitat Areas v1.0
Noosa
#
Maroochydore
#
Maleny
# Caloundra
#
Kilcoy
#
27°S
27°S
Caboolture
#
Dayboro
#
Esk Redcliffe
# #
BRISBANE
#
Cleveland
Toowoomba Gatton #
# #
Ipswich
# Logan
#
Beenleigh
#
Warrill View
#
Coomera
#
Boonah Beaudesert
# # Gold Coast
28°S
28°S
#
Springbrook
#
152°E 153°E
Map E: Proposed koala conservation plan map
Printed: 08/11/2019
Approximate Scale: 1:800,000
Sheet: 1 of 1
0 10 20 30 40 50
Original: A3
²
LOCATION Kilometres
Coordinate System: GCS GDA 1994
Datum: GDA 1994
Units: Degree
CAIRNS
# Towns Produced by Biodiversity Assessment
TOWNSVILLE
DISCLAIMER: Queensland Herbarium, Science and Technology,
MACKAY
SEQ regional planning area The user is responsible for ensuring that the map is suitable for Department of Environment and Science.
their purposes.
ROCKHAMPTON
The State of Queensland makes no representation or warranties
Queensland in relation to the map contents and disclaims all liability.
All enquiries regarding this product or its content should be
BRISBANE directed to [email protected]
Other states File Name: k_kha_v1_0
File Location: \nas01\EHP_Ecosystem_Outcomes\projects\koala_SEQ_model\GIS\release\v1_0\maps\mxd
| Page 10
Section 13
DRAFT South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2024
Page 11 |
vi nd Koala Conservation Strategy 2019-2024
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Proposed future actions
The first priority for koala conservation in SEQ is to The six areas for action outlined in this draft
secure koalas in the wild through landscape-scale Strategy detail how the Queensland Government
management focused on habitat protection and proposes to implement each of the six
restoration, and complemented by threat mitigation recommendations and associated objectives from
actions to deliver a holistic response to reduce the The Queensland Koala Expert Panel: A new direction
pressures on SEQ’s koala populations. for the conservation of koalas in Queensland.
Community interest and engagement in the The KEP also provided recommendations about how
conservation of koalas is also vital to their the approach, outlined in this draft Strategy could
preservation. This involves recognising both the be extended to the rest of Queensland (Appendix 1).
cultural and economic importance of koalas.
Each action area includes an illustration of the
Developing community partnerships to deliver
work underway or proposed actions to achieve the
conservation projects is critical for achieving long-
Queensland Government’s objectives, as well as
term koala conservation success and for enhancing
how they contribute to koala conservation targets.
the coordination of koala conservation initiatives
across SEQ. Investing in community engagement for
Details on each action and how they align to the
koala conservation has the added benefit of raising
KEP recommendations are available at Appendix 2.
broader awareness of Queensland’s threatened
plants and animals and the need for protective
measures.
| Page 12
Section 15
DRAFT South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2024
Targets
The Queensland Government is committed to 1. Koala habitat
undertaking strong action to address the threats to
No decline in total area of core koala
koala populations in SEQ, and has set ambitious
habitat in SEQ from 2017 levels
targets for koala habitat, population trajectories
and threat reduction for the life of this draft
Strategy. This draft Strategy proposes ongoing 2. Koala habitat restoration
monitoring of progress towards the targets, Commence rehabilitation to restore
which will be reported annually to inform future 1000 ha of cleared habitat
actions. These actions are designed to be scalable
so delivery can be managed subject to funding
availability.
3. Populations
No long-term decline in koala population
numbers in SEQ
1. Koala habitat
The Queensland Government has already made
the commitment of no net loss in koala habitat 4. Threat reduction
in ShapingSEQ South East Queensland Regional 25% reduction of injury and mortality
Plan. The Queensland Government will continue across ten sites
to monitor koala habitat in accordance with
ShapingSEQ’s target of no net loss in koala habitat
through its Measures that Matter online dashboard. 4. Threat reduction
The holistic approach provided in this draft
2. Koala habitat restoration Strategy recognises that, in order to maintain koala
The Queensland Government proposes to broker numbers, it is necessary to have a comprehensive
further partnerships to commence rehabilitation threat mitigation strategy that addresses the
to restore 1000 ha of cleared habitat in KPA ongoing losses and injury to koalas from vehicles,
in SEQ over the life of the Strategy. This will dogs and disease. To address the impacts of
support existing investment by the Queensland vehicle strikes, the target is to reduce koala injury
Government, which is already investing $2 million and mortality by 25% across 10 key road threat
into establishing a five-year partnership agreement hotspots in SEQ, where threat mitigation measures
with the Queensland Trust for Nature to deliver are implemented, within the life of the Strategy.
on-ground koala habitat restoration in KPA. The Risk modelling and assessment, together with
estimated area of restoration is based on available input from local landholders, will identify key sites.
funding. Other targets for threat reduction may be set, after
a comprehensive threat map and threat mitigation
program has been developed.
3. Koala population
To meet the vision of the Strategy, it is necessary The following sections provide an overview of
to ensure that koala populations in SEQ are healthy the strategies and actions that the government
and persist across a variety of landscapes within proposes to undertake to meet the targets and
the region. The Strategy sets out a clear plan implement the recommendations of the Koala
to address the ongoing decline, however that Expert Panel.
reversal will be difficult to achieve within the life
of the Strategy, and some short-term declines may
remain. There has been no comprehensive study
undertaken to determine the exact numbers of
koalas in SEQ in recent years, so further surveys will
be needed to set the target of no long-term decline
in koala population density at key, representative
monitoring sites across SEQ.
Page 13 |
Section 16
| Page 14
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le 1 ' aeSection 17
DRAFT South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2024
1. Strategic coordination
Objective: A strategic and coordinated approach to koala
conservation
Mechanisms that enable the coordination of
protection efforts across multiple levels of Koala Expert Panel recommendation:
government, community, non-government Develop a mechanism for implementing a strategic
organisations and industry are critical to achieve action plan for koalas that ensures coordination
the long-term recovery and persistence of koalas across multiple levels of government, community,
in SEQ. Improving governance arrangements will non-government organisations and industry to
ensure the coordination of koala conservation achieve the long-term recovery and persistence of
efforts, and provide opportunities for leveraging koalas in SEQ.
extra resources and capability to support
management actions. This is particularly important actions such as developing a central web presence
given the high profile of koalas, and the relatively for koala conservation information, sharing
high level of investment in projects designed to research learnings through dedicated Koala Collab
promote their survival. conferences and working with Indigenous Land and
Sea Rangers to manage koala habitat.
The Queensland Government proposes to take a
collaborative approach to build the knowledge base
in a number of areas, such as using koala hospital Sharing knowledge online
admission data to identify areas of high threat, and The KEP identified the need for increased
apply appropriate mitigation measures. Restoration knowledge exchange by means of a multifaceted
efforts can also be enhanced by leveraging other communication strategy. It is proposed that this
habitat restoration initiatives, such as local is provided in part through the development of
government habitat restoration programs. a central web presence for the collection of up-
to-date data to assist decision makers, such
In addition to establishing the KAC, identifying
as local governments and koala conservation
a network of connected priority areas and
groups, and will include koala hospital admissions
setting targets for koala habitat and population
data, interactive habitat mapping and results of
trajectories, further proposed actions to support
Queensland Government-funded koala research.
a strategic and coordinated response include
Case study: The Yurol and Ringtail Project
In November 2017, the Queensland The 2,400 ha will be rehabilitated through
Government endorsed the Yurol and a $3.5 million investment, jointly funded
Ringtail project that will result in 2,400 ha by the Queensland Government, Noosa
of land within Yurol and Ringtail state Council and Noosa Parks Association. This
forests transitioning to national park status collaborative initiative, the Noosa Koala
over the next 10 years. The project, which Corridor Pilot, will rehabilitate koala habitat
was initiated by the Noosa Shire Council within the Noosa hinterland, enhancing and
and Noosa Parks Association, will result linking fragmented habitat. The approach
in the state forests being converted to used for this project is an example of
protected area tenure, and permanent how conservation gains can be achieved
protection for the corridor between through partnerships across stakeholder
Cooloola and Tewantin national parks. groups.
Page 15 |
Section 18
1. Strategic coordination
A centralised website would provide an opportunity Building on the success of the 2018 event, Koala
for stakeholders to share and access survey and Collab 2020 will present the findings of government-
monitoring data, and koala hospital admissions funded Koala Disease Research grant recipients
information. It would also provide transparency and provide opportunities to share the results of
to the management activities that are being the research with policy makers, veterinarians and
undertaken by the Queensland Government, and conservation groups.
promote the work being done by others to identify
new opportunities and promote community First Nations—Caring for koalas
participation in monitoring and conservation
The Queensland Government is proposing to
activities.
develop guidance materials with Indigenous Land
The website would also contain information and Sea Rangers to help manage koala habitat. This
for koala carers such as regarding advances in will facilitate knowledge exchange between ranger
treatment protocols. groups and other land use managers on effective
methods for caring for koalas and their habitats.
‘Koala Collab’
For more detailed information on these proposed
The Queensland Government invited veterinarians,
koala conservation actions and goals, and how
rescue groups, policy makers and other interested
they link to the KEP recommendations refer to
parties to ‘Koala Collab’, a collaborative research
Appendix 2.
outcomes sharing event at Lone Pine Koala
Sanctuary’s research facility, the Brisbane Koala
Science Institute, on 19 July 2018.
Researchers presented their findings and answered
questions as to how the findings can be practically
translated into meaningful action.
| Page 16
Section 19
DRAFT South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2024
2. Habitat protection
Objective: Koala habitat is protected
Protecting koala habitat from the impacts of
clearing is a fundamental requirement. The South Koala Expert Panel recommendation:
East Queensland Koala Population Modelling Study Simplify and strengthen the planning framework
revealed that, despite protection measures to date, to ensure the effective and consistent long-term
the decline in peri-urban koala populations may protection of koala habitats across SEQ, and
be accelerating. 4 This study concluded that the resource incentive and partnership mechanisms to
continuing decline is, in part, related to ongoing protect koala habitat on private land.
habitat loss in SEQ resulting from urbanisation, and
that the current pattern of urban development is
incompatible with viable koala populations. These reforms include:
Queensland has strong vegetation clearing laws, • prohibiting the clearing of koala habitat areas
since the passing of the amendments to the within a KPA, unless otherwise exempt
Vegetation Management Act 1999 in May 2018, • assessing development on koala habitat areas
however more improvements need to be made within a KPA, where clearing is not proposed, to
to a number of environmental and planning laws ensure other conservation outcomes, such as
to ensure that koala conservation targets can be habitat quality protection and safe movement
realised. This is particularly important as there are achieved.
is only 26% of remnant habitat, and 10% of the The clearing restrictions are proposed to apply to all
highest value remnant habitat, remaining in SEQ, koala habitat within a KPA, regardless of whether
compared to pre-clearing extent. the area is inside or outside the urban footprint. The
The KEP was supportive of the general structure prohibition on clearing will make the government’s
of Queensland’s land-use planning framework, it intentions unambiguous, in its efforts to prevent
identified that it had generally been ineffective at the further loss of koala habitat in KPA.
sufficiently conserving koala habitat in SEQ. Exemptions will apply, including for clearing for a
Its recommended actions include the development development footprint up to 500 m2, and clearing
of new assessment provisions for SEQ that address for firebreaks around buildings and structures.
clearing requirements, reducing the number, The exemptions are proposed to provide a balance
scope and complexity of exemptions, and ensuring between protecting koala habitat while still
consistency in the approach to development allowing for necessary property maintenance and
assessment through a Queensland Government safety.
assessment role.
Regulation for clearing koala habitat areas
Prohibition of clearing koala habitat areas outside of Koala Priority Areas
in Koala Priority Areas In addition to the planned prohibition on clearing
The Queensland Government intends to introduce in KPA, an amended planning framework will also
major reforms to the SEQ planning framework to protect koala habitat in SEQ outside of KPA. It is
ensure the protection of over 300,000 ha of koala anticipated that the Queensland Government will
habitat in KPA. assess applications that involve clearing of koala
habitat outside the KPA.
4 Rhodes, J.R., H. Beyer, H. Preece, and C. McAlpine. 2015. South East Queensland Koala Population Modelling Study. Uniquest,
Brisbane, Australia.
Page 17 |
Section 20
2. Habitat protection
The planned amendments will also provide that, In particular, the KEP recommended removing,
where a development requires clearing in a koala or reducing the impact, upon koala habitat, of
habitat outside a KPA, the ‘avoid, minimise and exemptions under the Vegetation Management Act,
offset’ hierarchy will apply. Similar exemptions to particularly for:
those allowed in the KPA will apply.
• clearing for urban purposes in an urban area
A new state code for SEQ koala habitat will be • material change of use, or reconfiguration of a
developed to ensure that development in the region: lot less than 5 ha.
• delivers no net loss of koala habitat area The Queensland Government’s planned koala
• maintains or improves connectivity within and conservation reform will not change the Vegetation
between koala habitat to ensure safe koala Management Act, however these exemptions will
movement not be replicated for impacts upon koala habitat
• is constructed and undertaken in such a way that areas, in line with KEP recommendations.
does not increase the risk of injury to, or death of,
Some exemptions are proposed to apply, such
koalas
as the ability to clear a development footprint
• avoids, minimises and mitigates environmental
up to 500 m2, which is also allowed under the
impacts and provides an offset for significant
previous planning regulation. Other exemptions
unavoidable impacts.
will include clearing for fire breaks, maintenance
The Queensland Environmental Offsets Policy will and other activities that are considered reasonable
be amended to reflect the changes to the planning to allow landholders to live on, and manage, their
framework. The amendments will make the properties, in line with existing regulation.
Queensland Government responsible for imposing
offset conditions for koala habitat, in SEQ. Offsets
Consistency in the approach to
may be delivered as either a financial settlement or
development assessment
as a land-based offset.
For development involving the clearing of koala
Financial settlement will be paid to the state’s offset habitat outside a KPA, it is proposed that the
account, which is managed by the Department of development will be assessed by the state
Environment and Science which will coordinate the government and ‘avoid, mitigate and offset’
on-ground delivery. However, local governments requirements will apply. This assessment was
will be encouraged to collaborate with the state to previously a role of local government.
identify suitable offset areas.
Under the planned amendments, development that
If a proponent chooses a land-based offset, they will doesn’t involve clearing of koala habitat inside a
be required, under the existing offset multiplier, to KPA will be assessed by local government using
conserve three new koala habitat trees for every one new assessment benchmarks. The assessment
non-juvenile koala habitat tree impacted. This ratio benchmarks will help local government manage
may be adjusted in the future, in response to further potential risks for proposed development close to
consultation and scientific review. koala habitat.
The strategic placement of offsets will support the Assessment benchmarks will ensure that:
overall koala habitat protection and restoration
targets. • development does not result in fragmentation of
koala habitat (this may mean that the placement
Reducing the number, scope and complexity of buildings, structures or works is at least 50 m
from the edge of koala habitat)
of exemptions
• the condition of koala habitat is not impacted by
The KEP made a recommendation to reduce the scope
factors such as changes to soil condition, or the
and complexity of exemptions, as clearing for exempt
introduction of weeds of pests
activities has had an impact on koala habitat.
• the development allows safe movement of
koalas.
| Page 18
Section 21
DRAFT South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2024
A new code in the State Development Assessment mapping on their property to ensure developed areas
Provisions will be introduced to provide the criteria and water courses are excluded from the final map.
for assessing clearing of koala habitat areas that
A map amendment process will be provided to enable
are:
landholders to apply to have the map amended where
• outside of KPA anomalies exist. Unlike the previous process where
• for an extractive industry in a key resource area map amendments can only occur in conjunction with a
in a KPA. development application, map amendments can occur
at any time.
Updating the mapping and amending errors
The new koala habitat model provides for robust an
The new koala habitat model uses regional
repeatable analysis, allowing mapping to be updated on
ecosystem and high-value regrowth mapping
an annual basis. This will translate into more frequent
provided by the Queensland Herbarium.
updates of the koala conservation map.
Although the new koala habitat mapping is based
Locally refined koala habitat areas will be included
on the best available data, there may be some
in the new koala habitat map for a transitional period
circumstances where the mapping incorrectly
of two years, during which time the Queensland
identifies koala habitat. The Queensland
Government will work with local governments to
Government is encouraging landholders to validate
consider local biodiversity protections.
Proposed planning framework for areas mapped as a KPA:
Changes to: Existing provisions Proposed provisions
Types of controls for Koala assessable development areas/ Koala priority areas
koala habitat priority koala assessable development areas
Affect Contain planning controls (some SEQ local Contain planning controls (only
governments have PKADA/KADAs) Toowoomba has no KPA)
What’s prohibited Urban activity in non-urban area (open Clearing koala habitat
space, conservation zones, etc.)
What’s assessable Clearing koala habitat Development that would not result in
clearing of koala habitat areas
Assessment Local governments conduct development Local governments conduct development
assessment, in line with state and local assessment in line with new benchmarks
planning regulation within the Planning Regulation (develop-
ment not resulting in clearing only)
Offset recipient Local government Not applicable; clearing of koala habitat
areas prohibited
Proposed planning framework for areas outside of a KPA:
Changes to: Until 2019 Commencing in 2019
Types of controls for No specific koala habitat protection; general Specific controls for clearing koala
koala habitat controls for clearing habitat regardless of habitat
species
Assessment Local governments conduct development The state government conducts
assessment, the state considers impacts on development assessment in line with
Matters of State Environmental Significance updated State Development Assessment
only Provisions
Assessment framework Local government: avoid, minimise Avoid, minimise, offset
state: avoid, minimise, offset
Where the land is not a koala habitat area, no koala conservation controls are proposed to apply.
Page 19 |
Section 22
2. Habitat protection
Comparison of habitat protection Subject to approval of the Commonwealth
The above tables provide an overview of the Environment Minister, this would have the effect
difference between the previous planning controls of ensuring that both national and state interests
for clearing in koala habitat areas and the proposed in koala protection can be accommodated through
changes. The proposed changes to the development a single regulatory regime to deliver improved
assessment framework for koala habitat are to environmental outcomes through a more strategic,
apply to the SEQ defined boundary in ShapingSEQ landscape-scale approach to impact assessment.
Regional Plan. Intended changes will include the The KEP recommended that the state’s
identification of KPA, a new role for the state and a commitment to a SEQ strategic assessment with
new koala state code for assessment in the State the Commonwealth under the EPBC Act should
Development Assessment Provisions. be finalised as soon as possible. In response, the
Queensland Government is working to execute
Strategic assessment for SEQ a SEQ strategic assessment agreement with
A key implementation action for the ShapingSEQ the Australian Government, to develop a more
South East Queensland (SEQ) Regional Plan, is ‘to coordinated and strategic approach to resolving
investigate the delivery of a strategic assessment environmental assessments and approvals.
for SEQ’. A strategic assessment can enable upfront
and streamlined assessment for impacts on matters For more detailed information on these proposed
that trigger the Commonwealth Environmental koala conservation actions and goals, and how
Protection and Biodiversity Act 1999 (EPBC Act), they link to the KEP recommendations refer to
including koalas. A strategic assessment process Appendix 2.
would ensure all relevant matters of national
environmental significance have been properly
addressed when developments proceed.
A strategic assessment aims to establish a basis
on which applications, which would have otherwise
been referred to the Australian Government, may
be appropriately dealt with by the Queensland
Government.
| Page 20
Section 23
DRAFT South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2024
3. Habitat restoration for koalas
Objective: Strategic and landscape-scale koala habitat restoration
Given the decline in koala populations and habitat,
Koala Expert Panel recommendation:
habitat restoration, to complement any protection
Develop and adequately resource regulatory,
measures, is necessary for population recovery.
incentive and partnership mechanisms to achieve
Meaningful engagement with, and appropriate strategic koala habitat restoration at landscape-
incentives for, landholders is proposed, in order scales in SEQ, particularly in identified priority areas.
to encourage koala habitat restoration on private
land. Restoration is critically important as this can
increase the overall habitat available for koalas An advantage of prioritising restoration in KPA is
and increases the connectivity between areas of that over time, as areas are established, they will
habitat. be protected through updates to mapping. Map F
identifies the priority areas for habitat restoration,
KPA include areas that are suitable for offset
identified as ‘Koala Rehabilitation Areas’.
delivery and habitat restoration programs.These
areas have been identified as appropriate for
rehabilitation, based on the suitability of regional
Koala Habitat Restoration Partnership
ecosystems, and consideration of threats such Program
as proximity to major roads, heat stress, urban The Queensland Government has established a
development, and opportunities such as proximity five-year partnership agreement with Queensland
to existing conservation areas. Trust for Nature to deliver on-ground koala habitat
restoration in priority areas through partnerships
A large proportion of koala habitat in SEQ is on
with landholders and local governments.
privately-owned land. Hence, conservation on
private land is crucial for the species’ survival.
Targeted investment will encourage and assist
landholders to manage their land for conservation
of koala habitat.
The Queensland Government’s $500 million Land
Restoration Fund may contribute to koala habitat
rehabilitation by supporting carbon farming
projects that deliver clear environmental and
economic benefits, including improved soil and
landscape health.
Habitat restoration within the Koala
Priority Areas
The methodology used to define the mapping for
koala habitat areas has also been used to identify
areas that will be most suited for habitat restoration
and offset liabilities.
Within KPA, 150,700 ha has been identified as being
suitable for restoration.
Map F: SEQ—restoration areas map
Page 21 |
Section 24
3. Habitat restoration for koalas
Koala habitat restoration on local government Environmental Offsets Framework
conservation estates and through local government Queensland’s Environmental Offsets Framework
conservation programs will be prioritised. This consists of an Act, regulations and policies. The
approach provides an opportunity to leverage purpose of the Environmental Offsets Act 2014 is to
funding and in-kind support to deliver better compensate for unavoidable impacts on significant
outcomes compared to working in isolation. environmental values (for example, koala habitat).
A comprehensive review of the Queensland
Land Restoration Fund
Environmental Offsets Framework is underway and
The Queensland Government’s $500 million Land
will aim to result in greater investment in activities
Restoration Fund aims to expand carbon farming
that counterbalance the impacts from development
in the state by supporting land-sector projects
on koalas and other matters, and ensure offsets are
that deliver clear environmental and economic co-
only used as a last resort.
benefits.
Specifically, the review will examine how
Carbon farming refers to land management
environmental offsets can be redesigned to provide
activities that either stop carbon pollution from
a strategic and coordinated approach for the
entering the atmosphere or capture and hold carbon
protection of koalas.
in vegetation or soil. This can be achieved by
planting trees, protecting native forest by reducing In the short-term, specific amendments to the
land clearing, managing bushfires through savanna Queensland Environmental Offsets Framework will
burning and changing farming practices to increase be made to enable significant residual impacts
soil carbon. on koala habitat outside a KPA to be offset. The
amendments will provide that the Queensland
The Land Restoration Fund values not only the
Government will be responsible for imposing the
carbon stored in forests, but also the broader social
offset condition.
and environmental benefits of conservation.
For more detailed information on these proposed
koala conservation actions and goals, and how
they link to the KEP recommendations refer to
Appendix 2.
| Page 22
Section 25
DRAFT South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2024
Case study: Trees for koalas
The Land Restoration Fund’s first large- will also reduce sediment run-off into the
scale project will be the planting of 150,000 dam and generate carbon credits.
trees to create a new koala habitat and The project aims to be registered by the
home for the glossy black cockatoo at Lake Australian Government’s Clean Energy
Wivenhoe. Regulator to create Australian Carbon
Credit Units (ACCUs)—an ACCU is a tradable
The $1.2 million project is a partnership
unit equivalent to one tonne of carbon
between the Department of Environment
dioxide avoided from being released to the
and Science, SEQwater, and CO2 Australia.
atmosphere. At the current market rate one
In addition to creating habitat, the project ACCU is worth about $12.
Page 23 |
Section 26
4. Threat management
Objective: Coordinated threat reduction and koala population
management
Habitat loss, dog attacks, car strikes and disease
Koala Expert Panel recommendation:
are some of the compounding key threatening
Resource and implement a new coordinated threat
processes that affect koalas. Climate change also
reduction and koala population management
poses a serious threat to koalas in SEQ. Some
strategy that complements habitat protection and
climate models forecast significant declines in
restoration activities, particularly in identified
koala numbers in the western parts of SEQ, as a
priority areas.
direct result of heat stress or bushfire.
The koala habitat protections and rehabilitation The recent work on the Eton Range Realignment—a
activities proposed in this draft Strategy are koala research project, undertaken by state and
intended to be complemented by threat mitigation local government to understand the biology and
measures, with a focus in KPA. This will ensure population dynamics of koalas, will enable a robust
that areas where investment is made in habitat spatial model to be developed and improved over
protection and restoration are afforded improved time. This modelling will indicate threat hotspots
chances of delivering koala conservation outcomes. so a targeted and coordinated threat response can
The aim of this aspect of the program is to develop be undertaken. Threat reduction programs will be
targeted strategies for managing threats to koalas delivered in two streams: management programs
using the best available information. Priorities for and awareness campaigns.
investments will be guided by scientific evidence,
cost effectiveness and transparency. Priorities for SEQ Hospital Network and Moggill Koala
on-ground activities will also be guided by a map of Rehabilitation Centre
priority areas for threat management.
The SEQ Hospital Network provides care for over
Threat mitigation is essential for ensuring the long- 1000 koalas each year. Disease, in particular
term viability of koalas in SEQ, particularly given Chlamydia, is an increasing threat for koalas, and it
the increased vulnerability of populations due to is vital to support the work of the koala hospitals in
habitat loss and fragmentation. The integration of treating and researching disease. The Queensland
threat mitigation with other koala programs within Government provides funding for the RSPCAs
KPA will help to improve the effectiveness of any 1300 ANIMAL hotline, which provides assistance
investments. to people that have found distressed animals,
including koalas.
The Queensland Government proposes to develop
strategies for improving the management of Improvements will be made to the Moggill
threatening processes using expertise from the Koala Rehabilitation Centre, a specialist koala
Department of Environment and Science, the rehabilitation facility, to allow it to meet best
Department of Transport and Main Roads, local practice standards. Over 200 new koalas arrive at
governments, non-government organisations, and the Centre each year, and the facility serves the
Natural Resource Management organisations with wider koala hospital network.
knowledge in managing the threats.
The Queensland Government proposes to use Koala carers
spatial modelling, information from hospital Rehabilitation permit holders provide an important
admissions, local koala rescue groups and local supporting role to the hospital network by rescuing
governments to identify threats to koalas, and and caring for sick, injured and orphaned koalas.
priority areas and programs for threat reduction. The Queensland Government will work with carers
and the hospital network to standardise record
keeping and reporting, and share advances in
| Page 24 treatment protocols.
Section 27
DRAFT South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2024
Implementing the results of the Community Upgrade the Fauna Sensitive Road Design
Sustainability Action Grant Program: Koala Manual
Research The Fauna Sensitive Road Design Manual provides
Targeted research has benefit to policy and assistance to practitioners to design, construct
management decisions, and plays a vital role in and maintain roads that better accommodate the
continuous improvement. needs of fauna. It is proposed that an update be
made to this manual to achieve koala conservation
The Queensland Government recognises the
outcomes by utilising the measures that have
importance of supporting high quality scientific
proved effective for road design and maintenance.
research into Queensland’s koalas. This research is
considered instrumental to inform the development The upgrade will have multiple benefits as it can
of more effective koala conservation policy and be applied to different sectors, not just state-
management activities. controlled roads, and can provide guidance on
treatments, case studies, research opportunities
In 2016, the Queensland Government awarded
and data management, with information being
almost $600,000 to 10 researchers, who were
published on a centralised website.
recipients of targeted koala research funding,
through the Community Sustainability Action
Grants program. The Queensland Government
Reducing dog attacks
will continue to actively promote the results of Research has indicated that wild dog attacks
research through forums like Koala Collab, and are a serious threat to koalas. The Queensland
investigate opportunities to incorporate funded Government is committed to investigating further
research projects to inform policy and management collaborative approaches for wild dog control with a
approaches. focus on KPA (including state land).
An evidence-based approach to program and policy The Queensland Government proposes to work with
development will be informed by the results of local governments to review their existing local
grant programs to: laws with respect to dogs, to focus actions in KPA,
and to consider ways to mitigate the impacts of
• complement existing survey data, or activities
domestic dogs. The review will consider both the
by using accurate and cost-effective koala
effectiveness of, and compliance with, local laws.
abundance data collected by the Queensland
Behavioural change programs designed to build
University of Technology, using Unmanned Aerial
support for dog control are proposed for areas with
Vehicles (UAVs)
a high incidence of domestic dog attacks.
• prepare Koala Translocation Methods and
Guidelines, as these guidelines will help inform
Translocation and release policies
a revised translocation policy
Translocation has historically resulted in limited
• work with the Central Queensland University to
conservation or welfare outcomes for koalas.
incorporate remote-sensing based, landscape-
scale habitat management tools. These tools will However, translocation can be an appropriate
include climate change scenario assessments management tool if supported by strict criteria,
and habitat health checks such as consideration and assessment of the take
and receive sites, and their populations, the koala
• use the University of Southern Queensland’s
demographic makeup, the vegetation types and
modelling and mapping of koala habitat and
habitat suitability, and the prevalence of threats.
threats in southern inland Queensland to
investigate threat mitigation actions Under the Nature Conservation (Koala) Conservation
• engage the University of Queensland to develop Plan 2017 there are requirements to release
technical, policy-ready information that can rehabilitated koalas to prescribed natural habitat
be used to improve the Environmental Offsets (suitable habitat, preferably within one kilometre of
framework in relation to koala habitat. the capture site but not greater than five kilometres
from the capture site).
Page 25 |
Section 28
4. Threat management
In some circumstances however, the requirement Local government partnerships
has resulted in welfare issues where threats remain Local governments manage a number of highly
or habitat has been cleared. successful threat abatement programs, such as the
In order to provide improved outcomes for koalas Koala Safe Neighbourhoods partnership between
that need to be released outside of prescribed Redland City Council and Griffith University, which
natural habitat, a streamlined approach has been is a collaborative science-based approach to
developed in the Operational Policy—release of improve habitat and conservation planning, koala
rehabilitated koalas and the take and release of threat mitigation initiatives, and includes a koala
koalas in imminent danger. The policy provides education campaign.
clear guidance to applicants and assessors to make The Queensland Government proposes to work with
a decision on releasing a rehabilitated koala to a local governments to support and promote their
location other than its capture site. A streamlined existing and new threat mitigation programs.
approval process will reduce the amount of time an
otherwise releasable koala spends in rehabilitation
Koala awareness campaigns
and reduces the burden on the busy wildlife
hospital network. The breeding season for koalas (August–February)
represents a time of high koala mortality. Koalas
In addition to streamlining the process for releasing are more active, venturing into new or unusual
rehabilitated koalas, an authorised person may territory, and crossing roads, particularly young
take and release an apparently healthy koala in the males seeking new habitat.
wild, when it is found to be in clear and imminent
danger. The koalas in such circumstances must This high level of movement exposes them to risks
either not be able to disperse without human such as vehicles and dogs. In conjunction with the
intervention, or unassisted movement is likely to City of Gold Coast, the Queensland Government
result in death or injury to the koalas. trialled an awareness campaign for the Gold
Coast throughout the 2018–19 breeding season.
The Queensland Government’s translocation policy Key messages encouraged changing community
aims to achieve better conservation outcomes behaviours, such as the need to drive slowly, and
for koalas, not to facilitate development that being aware of rescue contacts. The campaign
impacts koala habitat. Amendments to a broad included initiatives such as radio advertising,
translocation policy are being investigated and digital displays and social media. The Queensland
will be drafted in 2020. The development of this Government proposes to expand this program to
proactive management response requires time other local government areas in future breeding
in order to understand and address the scientific seasons.
principles and practical issues associated with
translocation.
Threat mapping
Any policy allowing the translocation of koalas A comprehensive threat map, and threat mitigation
will carefully consider the potential impacts that program is proposed, based on wildlife hospital
population ecology, genetics or infectious disease admissions data and other datasets to create a
dynamics and epidemiology could have on the comprehensive picture of where the threats to
translocated individuals or recipient population, koalas are occurring. By understanding where the
and be consistent with standards set by the threats are occurring, and specifics of threatening
International Union for Conservation of Nature. processes, effective mitigation actions can be
introduced.
For more detailed information on these proposed
koala conservation actions and goals, and how
they link to the KEP recommendations refer to
Appendix 2.
| Page 26
Section 29
DRAFT South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2024
Page 27 |
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5 1 1 1 61 5 3346 2474 8 7 26 eeSection 30
5. Community engagement
Objective: Strong community engagement and partnerships
Successful koala conservation relies on a
collaborative approach across all sectors of the Koala Expert Panel recommendation:
community, and particularly for actions that are To develop and implement a strategy for
focused within KPA. The high level of community partnership development and engagement with
support for the conservation of koalas provides the broader community, utilising an approach
an opportunity for the Queensland Government to that is sensitive to the nature and views of local
work with the community through a range of actions communities.
from formal partnerships for habitat protection to
awareness campaigns to reduce dog attacks and
vehicle strikes. The iconic status of koalas will attract wide interest,
leverage investment and engage partners in the
Koala conservation projects will include the critical
program. All strategies, however, must put the
actions needed to secure koalas in the wild, and
protection of the koala first.
will either be funded in full by the Queensland
Government or in part through partnerships with
other organisations. In addition, koala projects Citizen science
will emphasise engagement, communication The interest in koala conservation from the public,
and capacity building, with actions designed to and the number of volunteer organisations provide
promote more partnerships with the community, an opportunity to build the knowledge base on
stakeholders and volunteers. A priority will be in koala populations and threats. Citizen science
improving the skills and the capacity of partners to programs are proposed to be used to help inform
conserve koala populations. policy and management in two stages: the first
stage can work with conservation groups to
This means that koala conservation projects have
promote initiatives such as koala sighting days
activities that encourage and improve engagement,
and citizen science activities at the Daisy Hill
communication and capacity building, in addition to
Koala Centre, and to consolidate the results. A
on-ground (e.g. threat mitigation) activities.
review of existing citizen science programs can
Encouraging the community to help deliver the then be conducted to identify potential gaps
management of koala habitat and threat reduction and opportunities that can be used to direct and
will promote a sense of ownership of the solutions prioritise future programs.
for koala conservation for the wider public.
Caring for koalas
Koalas are part of Aboriginal cosmology, There are many different language names
they are connected to the trees whose for koalas across the corridor.
roots go into the ground and the earth Traditional Owners will play an important
that sustains us. These iconic Australian role in the conservation of koalas through
animals are not only part of the natural contributing to the management of koala
environment, but also deeply embedded in trees on their land.
the spiritual and cultural life of Aboriginal
families throughout SEQ.
| Page 28
Section 31
DRAFT South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2024
Education and extension The Daisy Hill Koala Centre has capacity for over
It is proposed that partnerships are used to deliver 100,000 visitors per year, making it an ideal
state-wide community engagement campaigns that location to be the public face of koala conservation
provide consistent clear messaging and community initiatives. The Daisy Hill Koala Centre will continue
actions. to deliver community awareness campaigns,
citizen science and education programs, and be a
Throughout the life of the Strategy, it is proposed shopfront for engaging the community.
that various community engagement campaigns
are delivered, ranging from driver awareness during For more detailed information on these proposed
breeding season through to information about koala conservation actions and goals, and how
amendments to clearing controls for koala habitat. they link to the KEP recommendations refer to
Neighbours of important protected koala habitat Appendix 2.
may be engaged through tailored engagement
to reduce edge effects from invasive plants and
domestic animal attacks.
The Daisy Hill Koala Centre
Built as a dedicated koala education facility, the
Daisy Hill Koala Centre was opened to the public
in 1995. Nestled amongst eucalypt trees and
featuring a large outdoor koala enclosure and many
interactive displays, the Daisy Hill Koala Centre
is a unique place to learn about koalas and their
conservation.
Page 29 |
Section 32
6. Improved mapping, monitoring, research
and reporting
Objective: Continuous monitoring and improvement based on best
available science
Improved science will drive improvements in koala
conservation in SEQ and boost our understanding Koala Expert Panel recommendation:
of their distribution and threats. High quality koala Developing targeted and high quality koala
habitat mapping, threat mapping, monitoring and habitat mapping, threat mapping, monitoring and
research programs will help to measure changes research programs that aim to: (1) identify key
in koala populations and threats over time, inform koala ecological values and threats, (2) measure
management decision making and communicate changes in koala ecological values and threats
outcomes in improving the conservation of koalas. over time, as well as understand the drivers of
In particular, effective monitoring will be critical those changes, (3) inform policy and management
if we are to adapt to the inevitable impacts of decision making, and (4) communicate trends and
climate change in SEQ. The focus of monitoring outcomes transparently and publically to enhance
and reporting, and application of research will be engagement.
within KPA to monitor the effectiveness of habitat
protection, restoration and threat mitigation.
The KAC would play a key role in evaluating the
To facilitate better communication between effectiveness of this proposed framework through
researchers, policy makers and planners, the reviewing the implementation of initiatives. To
Queensland Government proposes to convene improve the transparency of the overall koala
public forums (at least once every five years) program, monitoring data may be reported
to share knowledge on koala conservation. In through an annual koala report card. Community
addition, citizen scientists and volunteers will be engagement activities would also be included in
encouraged to undertake research and support the report card, as part of a wider evaluation plan.
science projects. Reviewing the communication, engagement and
It is proposed that koala conservation projects capacity building activities would form part of the
be designed and implemented under an adaptive koala program’s reporting plan.
management framework that will deliver continuous
improvements based on monitoring. This proposed Survey program
framework would work by firstly requiring that koala A koala survey and monitoring program will play
projects have monitoring programs that are linked an important role in evaluating management
to objectives within the Strategy. The patterns success and communicating progress towards
and trends revealed from the monitoring programs koala conservation targets to support the Strategy.
would inform the evaluation of objectives of the The Queensland Government has had a koala
koala program, and link those outcomes to the monitoring program in place since 1996, which
investment. has been instrumental in recognising rapid
declines in koala populations in SEQ. The KEP
Projects would then be reviewed and updated
recommendations have acknowledged that the
according to the results of threats and population
previous survey program should be revised to be
monitoring to maximise effectiveness. Using this
suitable to evaluate the effectiveness of actions
proposed adaptive management approach allows
within the Strategy and to assess progress towards
the way changing threats are addressed to inform
policy objectives.
an understanding of the success of management
interventions.
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Section 33
DRAFT South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2024
The Queensland Government commenced Peer review provided feedback on how the
development of a revised koala survey program, in proposed methodologies addressed the KEP
alignment with the KEP review. recommendations for the program and has
suggested a review of all available survey
Trial surveys were conducted at the Daisy Hill
methodologies to gather data on koala populations.
Conservation Park and the Venman Bushland
National Park; and density data and Bio-Condition The review feedback and learnings from the field
habitat assessment data were also collected. trial will be used in the program finalisation to
address the recommendations.
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Section 34
6. Improving, mapping, monitoring, research and reporting
The survey program seeks to address the KEP Updates to koala habitat mapping
recommendation to monitor koala densities at 10 The koala habitat mapping will be systematically
to 20 sites across SEQ which are representative of updated with new data to improve accuracy and
koala populations in urban and rural landscapes, track the changes in koala habitat over time. This
and report on changes every two years. Program process will ensure that only the highest quality
finalisation will consider further survey methods, koala habitat which offers the best opportunity
viability analyses, and the development of for koala persistence is mapped, and therefore
monitoring design options to measure progress protected through the new planning framework.
towards targets and evaluate the success of
management initiatives in the Strategy. Regular updates to the mapping also provides
certainty to landholders that clearing controls are
The monitoring program is expected to report on only placed on the areas that contain high koala
results against the program objectives publically habitat values.
every five years. There will also be a mechanism for
the data to be provided to the KAC every five years Outside of the property-scale map amendment
for review and evaluation of koala conservation process, all koala habitat mapping across SEQ will
initiatives in the Strategy. be updated annually, and the boundary of KPA will
be reviewed and updated every five years.
Engagement with external stakeholders is a crucial
aspect of the ongoing survey program, and delivers For more detailed information on these proposed
on the KEP recommendation to work in partnership koala conservation actions and goals, and how
with local governments to develop standard they link to the KEP recommendations refer to
approaches to koala monitoring that could facilitate Appendix 2.
the integration of monitoring data.
Koala Advisory Council’s annual report
The KAC will provide advice to the Queensland
Government about progress on the implementation
of the Strategy, with a focus on continuous
improvement, monitoring and evaluation.
The KAC annual report for the Queensland
Government will contain:
• a summary of matters considered by the KAC
for the reporting period and any relevant advice
provided in relation to these matters
• the outcomes of the Queensland Government’s
mapping and monitoring programs for the
reporting period
• an evaluation of the progress towards the
targets outlined in the Strategy for each annual
reporting period
• details of the Queensland Government’s actions
undertaken for the reporting period
• recommendations on implementing the
Strategy, following the principles of adaptive
management.
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Section 35
DRAFT South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2024
Have your say on the draft
SEQ Koala Conservation Strategy
The Queensland Government invites comments
from all Queenslanders on the actions proposed
in this draft Strategy.
Submissions close 31 January 2020.
To find out more about how to get involved,
visit www.qld.gov.au/SEQkoalas or contact
[email protected]
Page 33 |
Section 36
Appendix 1
Koala conservation across Queensland
Several proposed actions under the draft Strategy The KEP also recommended that:
have the potential to benefit koala populations
• the Queensland Government focus investment
outside of South East Queensland (SEQ), including
on consolidating existing koala populations,
investments in research and behaviour change
and landscape-scale recovery across
programs. Additionally, Queensland Government
Queensland
programs, such as the Land Restoration Fund, and
• regional studies be undertaken to fill
Queensland Environmental Offsets Policy, also
knowledge gaps around koala distribution,
have the potential to conserve koalas and their
abundance, habitat utilisation and
habitat across Queensland.
environmental drivers of population dynamics,
Planning controls to support the maintenance of especially in north Queensland
koala habitat have historically focused on SEQ as
• state-wide habitat mapping be undertaken
this is where the greatest pressures from urban
to identify ecological values and land use
growth occur, however increasingly this pressure
conflicts and to guide sustainable investment
is impacting other areas of Queensland. Upcoming
in koala habitat conservation
koala habitat mapping, and planning regulations,
• a strategy for community engagement and
will only apply to SEQ, however future reviews may
extension be developed and implemented, at a
consider expanding these controls to other areas
regional level, to address local cultural needs.
of Queensland.
Subject to successful implementation of a new
This is in line with a Koala Expert Panel (KEP)
koala conservation planning framework and South
recommendation, to expand the new SEQ koala
East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy
mapping and planning regulations across the
2019–2024, the Queensland Government will
koala’s entire range in Queensland. Conservation
consider options for more strategic conservation
of koalas outside SEQ was not part of the KEP
of koalas across their entire Queensland extent.
initial terms of reference, and so has not yet been
considered by the Queensland Government within
the scope of this review or draft Strategy.
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Section 37
Appendix 2
Detailed responses to the Koala
Expert Panel’s recommendations
The Queensland Government’s draft South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2024
has a vision of a sustainable koala population in the wild in South East Queensland (SEQ), which is
supported by a coordinated and strategic approach to habitat protection, habitat enhancement and
threat reduction.
The vision and targets set by the Strategy are based upon recommendations of the Koala Expert
Panel (KEP) and include six priority areas for proposed action over the next five years.
The Queensland Government is already taking action to address some of the KEP most pressing
recommendations and has identified potential future actions to conserve koala populations in SEQ
made by the KEP.
Action area 1: Strategic coordination
KEP objective: A strategic and coordinated approach to koala conservation
KEP recommendation 2018 government response
1a) Develop an implementation strategy • The Queensland Government will prepare a new SEQ Koala Conservation Strategy that details
for koala conservation in SEQ that how the KEP recommended actions are to be achieved, and the timeframes for achieving these
adopts the recommendations made in actions.
this report. • The Queensland Government will establish priority areas for koala conservation measures.
• The Queensland Government will establish targets for koala habitat and population
trajectories, as part of the SEQ Koala Conservation Strategy.
• The Queensland Government will develop an implementation and investment strategy, as part
of the SEQ Koala Conservation Strategy.
• The Queensland Government will develop and execute a monitoring and evaluation strategy, as
part of the SEQ Koala Conservation Strategy.
1b) Establish a Koala Advisory Council • The Queensland Government will appoint a Koala Advisory Council to coordinate the
(KAC) to coordinate the implementation implementation of the SEQ Koala Conservation Strategy.
of the koala conservation strategy.
Early action
The Queensland Government has already:
• established the Koala Advisory Council
• released the draft South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2014 for public
consultation
• mapped Koala Priority Areas, for protection within the planning framework
• set targets regarding koala habitat, koala density, and koala mortality, and invested in habitat
restoration.
2019–2024 potential future action
1.1 Koala Advisory Council participation in implementation and evaluation.
1.2 Advocate for holistic impact assessment through strategic assessment under the
Commonwealth Government’s Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
1.3 Build an online hub of koala-related information.
1.4 Develop guidance for Indigenous Land and Sea Rangers to recognise the importance of koalas
to First Nations communities.
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Section 38
Action area 2: Habitat protection
KEP objective: Ensure koala habitat is protected
KEP recommendation 2018 government response
2a) The state government to assume • The Queensland Government will strengthen state development assessment requirements to
responsibility for the assessment improve consistency in approach to koala habitat protection across SEQ.
of koala-related planning and • The Queensland Government will incorporate koala related policy in future reviews of the State
development issues to ensure Planning Policy and ShapingSEQ.
consistency of approach across SEQ.
• The Queensland Government will identify and manage inconsistencies in development
standards between state and private sector development requirements for koala habitat
protection.
2b) Reduce the number and complexity • The Queensland Government will address development assessment exemptions that have an
of exemptions from development adverse impact on koala habitat.
assessment and put in place a
transparent system of conditional
approval across different habitat
classes and land uses.
2c) Broaden triggers for koala-related • The Queensland Government will work with stakeholders to tighten clearing requirements,
development assessment in SEQ based inside and outside of the urban footprint, and establish appropriate assessment provisions
on the new koala habitat mapping. based on new habitat mapping.
• The Queensland Government will apply the habitat mapping to the development of priority
areas and development assessment provisions.
2d) Develop new development • The Queensland Government will work with stakeholders to tighten clearing requirements,
assessment requirements for SEQ. inside and outside of the urban footprint, and establish appropriate assessment provisions
based on new habitat mapping.
2e) Biodiversity offsets for koala habitat • The Queensland Government will review the offsets framework regarding koala habitat,
should continue to be imposed as including how the framework is to relate to the identified koala priority areas and subject to the
conditions on development approvals outcomes of the strategic assessment process.
only as a ‘last resort’, and not as an • The Queensland Government will encourage the delivery of koala offsets within koala priority
automatic ‘licence to clear habitat’. areas once identified through the SEQ Koala Conservation Strategy.
2f) Any future expansion of the Urban • ShapingSEQ includes principles to govern the future expansion of the urban footprint
Footprint, undertaken by the state as including preventing the expansion of the footprint into areas containing predominately
part of revisions to the SEQRP, should matters of national or state environmental significance and the regional biodiversity network,
not occur over areas where core koala including koala habitat. This will include consideration of any impacts on the region’s ability to
habitat (remnant and regrowth) has accommodate future growth.
been identified through the mapping,
or where koala populations are known
to occur.
2g) Ensure that locally significant koala • The Queensland Government will work with local governments to ensure habitat not mapped by
habitat, not captured by the mapping, the state can be protected.
or not in identified priority areas for
koalas, can still be protected through
local government planning schemes.
2h) Reduce the complexity of the current • The Queensland Government will improve the planning framework for koala-related
planning framework. development to improve consistency and simplicity.
2i) Review coordination between state • The Queensland Government will review coordination between legislative instruments and
departments in relation to different processes for koala-related development.
legislative instruments.
2j) The state’s commitment to a • The Queensland Government has commenced the strategic assessment process via a $5 million
SEQ strategic assessment with the funding commitment.
Commonwealth under the EPBC
Act should be undertaken as soon
as possible to give certainty to all
stakeholders and permit strategic
planning for koalas with respect to the
protection of habitat.
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36
Section 39
KEP recommendation 2018 government response
2k) Develop a communication, • The Queensland Government will deliver a communication and education strategy to support
education and extension strategy any changes to the koala regulatory framework.
to ensure community and business
awareness and understanding of new
and revised koala habitat protection
measures.
2l) Develop and resource effective • The Queensland Government will develop, and identify resource requirements for effective
models of habitat protection incentives models of habitat protection for use by industry and other stakeholders.
and partnerships that have the
potential for broad uptake amongst
industry and rural enterprise sectors.
Early action
The Queensland Government has already:
• identified reforms to the planning framework to ensure strategic conservation of koalas and
koala habitat in SEQ
• prepared amendments to the Queensland Environmental Offsets Policy to align with new
mapping and koala conservation objectives
• reviewed the Koala-sensitive Design Guideline.
2019–2024 potential future action
2.1 Incorporate koala conservation into the State Planning Policy and ShapingSEQ Regional Plan.
2.2 Identify and manage any inconsistencies between State and private sector development
outcomes.
2.3 Review the Offsets Framework with regards to koala conservation strategies and priorities
2.4 Use the land-use planning framework to safeguard koala habitat by avoiding new expansion of
the urban footprint into koala habitat.
2.5 Build capacity to understand the new planning framework by developing an education and
extension strategy to development assessment officers.
2.6 Explore the use of incentives and design standards, in partnership with natural resource
management groups and local governments.
2.7 Protect biodiversity in local planning schemes by working with local governments to identify
priorities.
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Section 40
Action area 3: Habitat restoration for koalas
KEP objective: Strategic and landscape-scale koala habitat restoration
KEP recommendation 2018 government response
3a) Resource greater investment in • The Queensland Government will invest in koala habitat restoration and provide incentives to
koala habitat restoration, focused private landholders to restore koala habitat, including through the recently announced Land
primarily in identified priority areas for Restoration Fund.
koalas. • The Queensland Government will work with NGOs and community groups to restore koala
habitat in important koala conservation areas.
• In partnership with local government, NGOs and community groups, explore opportunities to
appoint dedicated extension officers.
• The Queensland Government will restore koala habitat on state-owned land including the
protected area estate.
3b) Review and modify the Offsets • The Queensland Government will identify priority areas for the strategic placement of
Policy and associated regulation. environmental offsets for koala habitat.
• The Queensland Government will investigate appropriate mechanisms, including the
environmental offsets framework, to deliver koala related offsets in priority areas.
• The Queensland Government will facilitate advanced offsets for koala habitat.
• The Queensland Government will consider barriers to the delivery of offsets, cost effectiveness,
enforcement, monitoring and transparent delivery as part of its review of the offsets framework
and strategic assessment.
• The Queensland Government will identify unnecessary barriers to the delivery, enforcement and
monitoring of offsets, and increase transparency and cost effectiveness in offset delivery.
• The Queensland Government will improve financial settlement offsets for koala habitat and
remove unnecessary complexities associated with offset delivery as part of its review of the
offsets framework and strategic assessment.
• The Queensland Government will work with local landholders, state landholders and offset
providers to deliver cost effective koala related offsets.
• The Queensland Government will work with partners to design and implement a new system to
improve coordination, reporting and monitoring.
Early action
The Queensland Government has already:
• mapped Koala Restoration Areas for strategic placement of habitat restoration investment and
environmental offsets
• established a partnership with the Queensland Trust for Nature to restore approximately
1000 ha of koala habitat in SEQ
• prepared amendments to the Queensland Environmental Offsets Policy to align with new
mapping and koala conservation objectives.
2019–2024 potential future action
3.1 Further invest in a Koala Habitat Restoration Program.
3.2 Strategically identify offset locations through new restoration mapping.
3.3 Restore habitat on state land in partnership with non-government organisations.
3.4 Collaborate to deliver offsets and enhance habitat with local governments, landholders and
land managers.
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Section 41
Action area 4: Threat management
KEP objective: Coordinated threat reduction and koala population management
KEP recommendation 2018 government response
4a) Undertake a threat assessment across • The Queensland Government will use spatial modelling to identify threats to koalas and
SEQ to quantify and map threats to koalas priority areas for threat reduction.
from habitat loss, vehicle collisions, dog • The Queensland Government will develop a consistent approach to mapping threats to
attacks (domestic and wild dogs), disease, koalas.
fire, and climate change.
4b) Identify priority locations for investment • The Queensland Government will use spatial modelling to identify threats to koalas and
in reducing existing and future threats from priority areas for threat reduction.
vehicle collisions, dog attacks (domestic and
wild dogs), disease, and fire.
4c) Resource a targeted and transparent • The Queensland Government will deliver a targeted and transparent threat reduction
threat reduction program across SEQ, program and evaluate initiatives including the retrofitting of existing roads.
in partnership with local governments,
particularly in identified priority areas for
koalas, NGOs, industry, and the community
using a range of initiatives.
4d) Review and develop a new koala • The Queensland Government will prepare a new Koala Conservation Strategy consistent
translocation policy. with best practice management for translocation, release of rehabilitation koalas, and the
release of captive bred koalas.
4e) Review policy on release of rehabilitated • The Queensland Government will prepare a new Koala Conservation Strategy consistent
koalas (currently in the State Koala with best practice management for translocation, release of rehabilitation koalas, and the
Conservation Plan) to consider allowing release of captive bred koalas.
release more than 5 km from the capture site
when ongoing threats to the individual in the
vicinity of the capture site remain high.
4f) Identify where there is empty habitat • The Queensland Government will identify areas of empty koala habitat and reintroduce
in SEQ and consider the reintroduction of koalas where appropriate.
koalas to these areas.
4g) Integrate zoo-based koala populations • The Queensland Government will prepare a new Koala Conservation Strategy consistent
more explicitly into the management of wild with best practice management, including the recognition of both wild and captive koala
koala populations in SEQ, particularly in populations.
urban areas.
Early action
The Queensland Government has already:
• released the draft South East Queensland Koala Conservation Strategy 2019–2014 for public
consultation
• partnered with the City of Gold Coast to trial community engagement and behaviour change
activities, in the 2018–19 breeding season.
2019–2024 potential future action
4.1 Partner with local government to deliver threat abatement opportunities.
4.2 Update the Fauna Sensitive Design Guide.
4.3 Integrate koala conservation into local government’s biosecurity planning.
4.4 Support the mitigation of threats of domestic dogs by working with local governments across
SEQ.
4.5 Develop best-practice policies for koala rehabilitation.
4.6 Support training and development for koala carers.
4.7 Upgrade Moggill Rehab Centre.
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Section 42
Action area 5: Community engagement
KEP objective: Strong community partnerships and engagement
KEP recommendation 2018 government response
5a) Recognise and properly engage with • The Queensland Government will develop a communication, education and extension
Traditional Owner communities in recognition strategy in consultation with Traditional Owners. The strategy will recognise the
that Indigenous rangers could play a major part importance of koalas to Traditional Owner communities and outline a strategy for
in data collection and management. engagement with Traditional Owner communities.
5b) Engage regional extension officers, drawn • The Queensland Government will develop a communication, education and extension
from local communities, to work within local strategy. This strategy will give consideration to an extension officer program.
governments or catchment groups.
5c) Enhance partnerships to deliver state-wide • The Queensland Government will develop a communication, education and extension
community engagement campaigns that provide strategy.
consistent clear messaging, community action,
and the potential for citizen science.
5d) Enable knowledge exchange through • The Queensland Government will develop a communication, education and extension
a multi-faceted communication/extension strategy.
strategy that includes workshops, conferences,
local media (radio and newspapers), and rural
community contacts.
5e) Encourage active community participation • The Queensland Government will develop a communication, education and extension
through citizen science and field activities. strategy. The strategy will include citizen science and field activity programs.
Early action
The Queensland Government has already:
• commenced working with communities, industries and local in preparation for the new koala
conservation framework
• hosted the Koala Collab 2018 conference.
2019–2024 potential future action
5.1 Host Koala Collab 2020.
5.2 Deliver education and extension to landholders on ways to manage their land for improved
koala outcomes.
5.3 Use citizen science to support behaviour change and community participation in conservation.
5.4 Invest in breeding-season community engagement to reduce vehicle-related koala injuries, in
partnership with local governments.
5.5 Engage with neighbours to improve connectivity of potential koala habitat across property
boundaries.
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Section 43
Action area 6: Improved mapping, monitoring, research and reporting
KEP objective: Targeted mapping, monitoring, research and reporting
KEP recommendation 2018 government response
6a) Develop consistent mapping of koala habitat across SEQ at a fine • The Queensland Government will continue to develop and update
resolution that addresses the problems of the previous mapping and koala habitat mapping.
implements a systematic mechanism for updating this mapping to • The Queensland Government will apply the habitat mapping to
improve accuracy and track changes in koala habitat over time. the development of priority areas and development assessment
provisions.
6b) Develop: (a) broad-scale assessment tools to measure the extent • The Queensland Government will develop tools to assess koala
and condition of koala habitat, and (b) ground based rapid habitat habitat condition.
assessment tools that can be integrated to provide statistics on
trends and metrics on condition of koala habitat across SEQ.
6c) Develop a consistent approach to mapping threats to koalas • The Queensland Government will develop a consistent approach
across SEQ and implement a systematic mechanism for updating this to mapping threats to koalas.
mapping to track changes in threats over time.
6d) Develop a comprehensive koala monitoring program that explicitly • The Queensland Government will develop a monitoring and
evaluates and communicates progress towards koala conservation evaluation strategy, as part of the SEQ Koala Conservation
targets and evaluates policy and management success. Strategy.
6e) Implement a mechanism (e.g. workshops, synthesis and • The Queensland Government will appoint a Koala Advisory
evaluation) for review of the outcomes of the mapping, monitoring and Council to coordinate the implementation of the SEQ Koala
evaluation by the Koala Advisory Council every five years and for the Conservation Strategy.
Koala Advisory Council to make recommendations on the revision of
policy and management that arise from this review.
6f) Incentivise multi-disciplinary research that explicitly addresses • The Queensland Government will develop a fully costed
key management and policy priorities and the development of implementation plan, as part of the SEQ Koala Conservation
partnerships between researchers, the state government and other Strategy. The strategy will include directions for multi-disciplinary
end-users. research and mechanisms for funding.
6g) Explore mechanisms to enhance the cost effectiveness of • The Queensland Government will develop a fully costed
koala research through targeted leveraging of funding (e.g. implementation plan, as part of the SEQ Koala Conservation
through Australian Research Centre Linkage Projects and other Strategy. The strategy will include directions for multi-disciplinary
Commonwealth funding opportunities such as Cooperative Research research and mechanisms for funding.
Centre).
6h) Run a koala conference every five years that brings together • The Queensland Government will develop a communication,
researchers (across a broad range of disciplines), policy makers and education and extension strategy. The strategy will include a
planners from across different levels of government, NGOs, industry, koala conference.
and the community from across Queensland.
Early action
The Queensland Government has already:
• established the Koala Advisory Council
• set targets regarding koala habitat, koala density, and koala mortality, and invested in habitat
restoration
• mapped Koala Priority Areas, for protection within the planning framework
• identified processes for map amendments and updates
• hosted the Koala Collab 2018 conference.
2019–2024 potential future action
6.1 Review mapping at conclusion of the Strategy period to assess progress and establish new
targets.
6.2 Develop tools to monitor koala habitat condition.
6.3 Identify koala threats through new mapping.
6.4 Provide funding for koala conservation research.
6.5 Develop a monitoring and evaluation strategy.
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Section 44
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