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Soil Description Explanation Sheet (2 of 2)
SOIL CLASSIFICATION INCLUDING IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION
FIELD IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES
USC PRIMARY NAME
(Excluding particles larger than 60 mm and basing fractions on estimated mass)
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(f) Wide range in grain size and substantial GW GRAVEL
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~’" amounts of all intermediate particle sizes.
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d.o~ Predominantly one size or a range of sizes GP GRAVEL
E _JO’" <.!J with more intermediate sizes missing.
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see CL
GC CLAYEY GRAVEL
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Wide range in grain sizes and substantial
amounts of all intermediate sizes
SW SAND
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Predominantly one size or a range of sizes
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a. (f)c’" Non-plastic fines (for identification SM SILTY SAND
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0 .<::en procedures see ML below).
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CLAYEY SAND
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see CL below).
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0 IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES ON FRACTIONS <0.2 mm.
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DRY STRENGTH DILATANCY TOUGHNESS
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~E~ None to Low Quick to slow None ML SILT
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Medium to High None Medium CL CLAY
OOlC E (f)::J",
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Low to medium Slow to very slow Low OL ORGANIC SILT
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Low to medium Slow to very slow Low to medium MH SILT
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,sE a?j:g: High None High CH CLAY
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~ ~::Jm Medium to High None Low to medium OH ORGANIC CLAY
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HIGHLY ORGANIC Readily identified by colour, odour, spongy feel and Pt PEAT
SOILS frequently by fibrous texture.
. Low plasticity -
Liquid Limit wL less than 35%. .Medium plasticity -
wL between 35% and 50%. .High plasticity -
wL greater than 50%.
COMMON DEFECTS IN SOIL
TERM DEFINITION DIAGRAM TERM DEFINITION DIAGRAM
PARTING A surface or crack across which the SOFTENED A zone in clayey soil, usually adjacent
soil has little or no tensile strength.
Parallel or sub parallel to layering
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ZONE to a defect in which the soil has a
higher moisture content than elsewhere. ’~’
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(eg bedding). May be open or closed.
JOINT A surface or crack across which the soil TUBE Tubular cavity. May occur singly or as one
of a large number of separate or
has little or no tensile strength but which is
not parallel or sub parallel to layering. May
be open or closed. The term ’fissure’ may
1f;f)X inter-connected tubes. Walls often coated
with clay or strengthened by denser packing
of grains. May contain organic matter
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be used for irregular joints <0.2 m in length.
SHEARED Zone in clayey soil with roughly TUBE Roughly cylindrical elongated body of soil
ZONE parallel near planar, curved or undulating CAST different from the soil mass in which it
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boundaries containing closely spaced,
smooth or slickensided, curved intersecting
joints which divide the mass into lenticular
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occurs. In some cases the soil which
makes up the tube cast is cemented. .":’, .:’.~~
,.... ’,,’
or wedge shaped blocks.
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SHEARED A near planar curved or undulating, smooth, INFILLED Sheet or wall like body of soil substance
SURFACE polished or slickensided surface in clayey SEAM or mass with roughly planar to irregular
K
,
soil. The polished or slickensided surface ,
nearparallel boundaries which cuts
indicates that movement On many cases ,
through a soil mass. Formed by infilling of
very little) has occurred along the defect. open joints.
....
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