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RFI - Attachment F - Engineering Report
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stormwater treatment refereed paper
Periodic grab samples from the found that oxidised nitrogen comprised The Authors
wet-sump indicate that most of the only ca. 10% of the TN load, across
TN load in the standing water is present three different land uses, and most of
as ammonia-N at concentrations that the TN load was present as TKN and
are two orders of magnitude higher a significant proportion of this was
than typical influent ammonia-N particulate in nature. Consequently, the
concentrations. As such, ammonia-N measured TN load from the Gold Coast
Michael Wicks (email: michaelw@
is, possibly, generated in the wet-zones catchments is similar to that measured at
stormwater360.com.au) is Technical
by anaerobic decomposition of organic the Streets Creek, Kuranda site, providing
Director of Stormwater360 Australia.
nitrogen in the inter-storm event periods. applicability of Nitrogen removals to Nick Vigar is Research Manager and
This has two important implications: 1): various urban land uses. Mike Hannah is Technical Director, both
the load of ammonia-N passed to the
of Stormwater360 New Zealand.
StormFilter® cartridge is significantly Conclusions
higher than is suggested by the influent
The results from this field trial generally References
EMC, which implies that the removal
correlate well with an earlier study ANZECC, 2000: Australian and New Zealand
rates for ammonia-N removal may be
at this site by JCU (Munksgaard and Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality,
an under-estimate; and 2): by converting Volume 1. The Guidelines. Tables 3.3.4-3.3.5
Lottermoser, 2008). The data collection
organic nitrogen to ammonia-N in the Tropical Australia p.3.3-12 and Table 3.3.5
wet-zones and then removing this from this study has been based on a
p.3.3-13. National Water Quality Management
ammonia, the system has the potential rigorous and technically demanding Strategy, October 2000.
to remove soluble organic-N. monitoring program, which adds further
BMP Database, 2010: International Stormwater
credibility of the results (Goonetilleke,
Best Management Practices (BMP) Database
Discussion 2010). From an operational perspective, Pollutant Category Summary: Nutrients.
the system captured an appreciably large Prepared by Geosyntec Consultants Inc. and
The results for Storm 6 represent a
sediment load requiring annual cleaning Wright Water Engineers Inc. (available from
snapshot of one storm, and should not http://www.bmpdatabase.org).
to maintain its operational effectiveness.
be considered as comprehensive; they
Duncan HP, 1999: Urban Stormwater Quality: A
do suggest, however, that the main TN The EnviroPod®/StormFilter® Statistical Overview, Report 99/3, Cooperative
removal pathways for the treatment train treatment train achieved 78% removal Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology,
is the efficient removal of particulate for suspended solids under 500 microns, Melbourne, Australia. ETV (2004).
organic nitrogen, complemented by which approximates the long-term Fletcher T, Duncan H, Poelsma P & Lloyd S,
the sorptive removal of soluble environmental target recommended by 2004: Stormwater Flow and Quality, and the
ammonia-N and organic-N. NSW DECC (2007), QLD DERM (2010) Effectiveness of Non-Proprietary Stormwater
for South East Queensland (SEQ) and Treatment Measures – A Review and Gap
Very often TN removal is treated Analysis. Cooperative Research Centre for
consistent with the 80% reduction target
as a key performance benchmark for Catchment Hydrology, Technical Report 04/8.
stormwater treatment practices. This of many consent authorities in the US.
Goonetilleke A, 2010: Letter to Author, 15 March,
is potentially problematic, given the The runoff at Streets Creek contained 2010.
apparent variation in the nature of the very low levels of phosphorus and
Livingston EH & McCarron ME, 1992: Stormwater
TN load. In a comprehensive study of nitrogen. Total Phosphorus removal Management: A guide for Floridians.
nitrogen composition in Melbourne (Taylor was between 45% and 70% respectively Florida DER (71 pages).
et al., 2005), ca. 25% of the load was in both the Stormwater360 field trial
present as particulate organic nitrogen. Miguntanna NP, Goonetilleke A & Egodowatta
and the JCU research project, which P, 2010: Understanding nutrient build-up on
The remainder was soluble and, of these approximates the NSW DECC (2007) urban road surfaces. Journal of Environmental
species, oxidised nitrogen predominated and QLD DERM (2010) SEQ long-term Sciences, Vol 22(6), pp 806–812.
over dissolved organic nitrogen and environmental targets of 65% and Munksgaard NC & Lottermoser B, 2008:
ammonia-N. 60% respectively, and is better than Treatment of Road Runoff Waters, Kuranda
Taylor et al. (2005) inferred that either expected given the low influent EMCs. Range Project. Report for Queensland
Total Nitrogen removal was consistent, Department of Main Roads, School of Earth
‘removing’ the water by infiltration or
and Environmental Sciences, James Cook
denitrification (ie, in the anaerobic zone substantial and in agreement with the
University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
of bio-retention practices) would be NSW DECC (2007) and QLD DERM (2010)
SEQ 45% long-term environmental target, NSW Department of Environment and Climate
necessary to achieve significant TN
Change (DECC, 2007): Managing Urban
reduction. Fletcher et al. (2004) reported despite the proximity of the influent EMC Stormwater: Environmental Targets.
that the TN composition measured in wet to the irreducible concentration of the Consultation Draft – October 2007, Department
weather samples for various land uses treatment train. The removal of nitrogen of Environment and Climate Change NSW, p 4.
in the Sydney and Illawarra regions was was particularly noteworthy, given that QLD DERM, 2010: Urban Stormwater Quality
extremely variable. For urban catchments, the debris captured and stored within the Planning Guidelines 2010 – December 2010,
median oxidised nitrogen concentrations treatment train was not included in the Department of Environment and Resource
were in the range 0.09 to 0.42 mg/L, while influent load into the system, but may Management, Table 2.2 SEQ (2010).
the median TN concentration range was have been sampled as a soluble leachate Taylor GD, Fletcher TD, Wong THF, Breen PF &
0.65 to 2.32 mg/L. by the effluent sampler. Duncan HP, 2005: Nitrogen Composition in
Urban Runoff – Implications for Stormwater
The oxidised nitrogen represents
Acknowledgements Management. Water Research, Vol 39, pp
a much smaller proportion of the TN 1982–1989.
load than was observed by Taylor et al. The authors would like to acknowledge
White M & Pezzaniti D, 2001: Evaluation of Gully
(2005) for Melbourne data. In a study of the support of and contributions by Pit Inlet Control Systems Project Number:
nutrient build-up on urban roads in the Professor Ashantha Goonetilleke 2368261, Urban Water Resources Centre,
Gold Coast, Miguntanna et al. (2010) and Geoffrey Hunter. University of South Australia (20 pages).
6 SEPTEMBER 2011 water technical features
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