Council archive · source document
Appendix E Bushfire Hazard Assessment Report · RAL24/0003
Bushfire Management Plan 41 Tallowwood Place, Black Mountain Lot 36 on RP897845 Noosa Shire Council, Qld Prepared by: Prepared for: Wollemi Eco-Logical Pty Ltd Mildy Raveane PO BOX 123 WAMURAN QLD 4512 Project Reference: 23236 Version / Date: 19 June 2023 www.wollemi-eco.com.au
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Proviso
This report has been prepared for the sole use of Mildy Raveane for the purposes for which it
is provided. No part of this report, its attachments or appendices may be reproduced or
distributed to third parties, not connected with the delivery of the purpose, by or on behalf
of the client, without the express written consent of Wollemi Eco-Logical.
It should be noted that the recommendations within this BMP have been formulated based
on site conditions at the time of writing and utilising current best-practise hazard and impact
assessment methodologies, and have been developed to reduce the potential severity of
impacts on the proposed development in the event of a bushfire emergency rather than
prevent impacts altogether. No guarantee is provided or assumed that the area will not be
affected by bushfire at some time.
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Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................. 4
1.1 Subject Site ............................................................................. 5
1.2 Proposed Development .......................................................... 5
2.0 Bushfire Hazard Assessment ........................................................ 6
2.1 Current Bushfire Hazard Mapping .......................................... 6
2.2 On-Site Hazard Assessment .................................................... 7
2.2.1 Site Inspection & Findings ................................................. 8
2.2.2 Vegetation Classification ................................................... 9
2.2.3 Potentially Hazardous Vegetation ................................... 10
3.0 Bushfire Risk Mitigation Measures ............................................. 11
3.1 Asset Protection Zones ......................................................... 11
3.1.1 Performance Outcomes .................................................. 11
3.2 Bushfire Attack Level Assessment ........................................ 12
3.3 Landscaping and Vegetation Management .......................... 13
3.4 Emergency Access & Egress .................................................. 14
3.5 Water Availability for Fire-Fighting Purposes ....................... 14
4.0 Recommendations and Conclusions .......................................... 16
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Wollemi Eco-Logical has been commissioned to undertake a Site Specific Bushfire Hazard
Assessment and to prepare a Bushfire Management Plan for a proposed development on the
subject site (Figure 1).
This report aims to assess the Bushfire Hazard and risk to the proposed development with
regard to: the Queensland State Government Single State Planning Policy - Part E (SPP 2017);
& the Bushfire Resilient Communities Technical Reference Guide (QFES, 2019); the Australian
Standard – Construction in Bushfire Prone Areas (AS3959-2018); and the Noosa Plan 2017,
Division 9 – Natural Hazards Overlays Code. These references, detail State and Council
requirements and guidelines, with regard to Bushfire Hazard Assessment and Risk Mitigation,
for the purpose of informing suitability of development applications.
The potential Bushfire Hazard acting on the proposed development, is informed by vegetation
composition and extent, slope and industry standard fuel load classifications, and assessment
methodologies. Bushfire Risk Mitigation Measures are subsequently detailed in order to
demonstrate compliance with Councils Planning Scheme Performance Outcomes, and to
inform the safety of people and property in the event of a bushfire emergency.
This BMP has been prepared by a suitably qualified and experienced, Environmental Scientist,
with over 22 years relevant experience in Environmental Management, with specialist
Bushfire Planning and Design expertise in South East Queensland.
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1.1 Subject Site
Address: 41 Tallowwood Place, Black Mountain
Titles: Lot 36 on RP897845
Local Government: Noosa Shire Council
Zoning: Rural Residential
Total Area: 24,820sqm
Topography: The site has an effective downslope to the north east at up to 9
degrees.
Figure 1: Subject Site
1.2 Proposed Development
It is understood a future reconfiguration of a lot (1 into 2) is proposed for the purpose of
constructing a new residential dwelling on the subject site. The new residential dwelling
location is represented in Figure 2.
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Proposed Extension
Figure 2: Proposed Development Layout
2.0 Bushfire Hazard Assessment
The prevalence of Bushfire in the landscape is dependent on vegetation type and fuel load
available to sustain a bushfire. Bushfire intensity and rate of spread are influenced by fuel
load, (including type and extent of vegetation), topography and to a lesser extent aspect. Land
uses surrounding potentially hazardous vegetation, and consequently the connectivity of
vegetation communities, all influence the potential for a bushfire to develop and be
sustained.
2.1 Current Bushfire Hazard Mapping
A review of State Bushfire Hazard Overlay Mapping, as maintained by the Department of State
Development, Manufacturing, Infrastructure and Planning (DSDMIP), revealed the site is
within a potential bushfire hazard area (Figure 3).
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Figure 3: State Bushfire Hazard Overlay Mapping
To verify Bushfire Hazard mapping, a Site-Specific Bushfire Hazard Assessment is triggered,
and is addressed below.
2.2 On-Site Hazard Assessment
This site-specific Bushfire Hazard Assessment, Classification, Fire-line intensity and
Management Plan, references: State Planning Policy (SPP) – Natural Hazards, Risk &
Resilience – Bushfire (DSDMIP 2019); A new methodology for state-wide mapping of bushfire
prone areas in Queensland. CSIRO, Australia. (2014)1; the Bushfire Resilient Communities
Technical Reference Guide (QFES, 2019)2; the Bushfire Attack Level (BAL), Building setback
requirements and Construction Standards as per the Australian Standard AS 3959- 2018 -
Construction of buildings in bushfire prone areas3; and current industry best-practice
assessment and Risk Mitigation Measures in compliance with the SPP Assessment
Benchmarks where triggered. Additionally, this BMP will address the requirements of the
proposed development against the Noosa Plan 2017, Division 9 – Natural Hazards Overlays
Code with regard to the proposed development.
1 This methodology updates the calculations apparent in the Australian Standard AS3959: 2018 based on current fire weather modelling and
includes detailed Vegetation Hazard Classes, used to inform State-wide Mapping.
2
The Bushfire Resilient Communities Technical Reference Guide (QFES, 2019), supports the SPP 2017 by providing technical guidance for
bushfire hazard assessment and bushfire management Planning.
3 The Australian Standard AS3959: 2018 defines Fire Danger Index as the chance of a fire starting, its rate of spread, its intensity and the
difficulty of its suppression, according to various combinations of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and both the long and
short term drought effects.
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Two key features of the landscape strongly contribute towards the behaviour of bushfires:
1. Vegetation community structure/composition
The structure and composition of vegetation communities determine the rate at
which dry fuel accumulates. Some vegetation communities protect fuel from drying
out in all but extreme bushfire seasons, making the vegetation susceptible to very
destructive bushfires, whilst other vegetation communities may expose fuels to drying
and therefore be frequently available for burning.
2. Slope
As a general rule, bushfire intensity and the rate of spread of bushfires rises in
proportion to slope, with bushfires burning faster uphill and slower downhill. Studies
have shown that the speed and intensity of fires moving up slopes generally doubles
every 10 degrees of slope. Steeper slopes also increase the difficulty of constructing
ring roads and firebreaks and limit the access for emergency crews.
Several investigative tools were utilised to determine the site specific bushfire hazard risk
including:
▪ A review of local aerial photography;
▪ A review of site and local topography;
▪ Review of site development plan;
▪ A review of DERM Regional Ecosystem Mapping; and
▪ An inspection of the site.
The risk assessment comprised an analysis of the site and the surrounding lands (i.e. within
100m) to determine characteristic bushfire risk based on Vegetation Hazard Classifications
for vegetation within 100m of the site.
2.2.1 Site Inspection & Findings
A site inspection was completed on the 16th June 2023 to verify the bushfire hazard mapping
over the site and surrounds. All vegetated areas of the site and within 100m of the proposed
development site were assessed during the site investigations.
A summary of the findings of the site inspection is provided:
1. Site access is via Tallowwood Place, a formed bitumen public roadway, from the south
of the site.
2. The subject site currently contains an established residential dwelling.
3. The site has an effective downslope to the north east at up to 9 degrees.
4. Regulated Vegetation as maintained by Qld Department of Natural Resources & Mines
(DNRM), maps areas to the northern and western extents of the site as containing
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Regional Ecosystem (RE) 12.11.10, described as ‘Notophyll vine forest +/- Araucaria
cunninghamii on metamorphics +/- interbedded volcanics’ (Refer Figure 4),
Site assessment confirmed the presence of vegetation consistent with the above
described composition and structure to the north and west of the site.
5. Adjacent vegetation to the south consists of scattered trees associated with
established residential land uses, with notophyll vine forest further afield to the south.
6. Adjacent vegetation to the east consists of scattered trees and managed grassland
associated with an established residential dwelling on site.
Figure 4: Regional Ecosystem Mapping
2.2.2 Vegetation Classification
The structure and composition of vegetation communities determine the rate at which dry
fuel accumulates. Some vegetation communities protect fuel from drying out in all but
extreme bushfire seasons, making the vegetation susceptible to very destructive bushfires,
whilst other vegetation communities may expose fuels to drying and therefore be frequently
available for burning.
Vegetation communities surrounding the proposed development were referenced against
mapped RE’s in the general vicinity, and Vegetation Hazard Classifications and Potential Fire-
line Intensity calculations as detailed in Leonard etal (2014) & the BRCTRG 2019. Potential
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Fuel Load calculations were undertaken on site to validate vegetation classifications and
subsequently potential bushfire hazard to the proposed development.
Vegetation ecotones result in varying fuel load availability. Subsequently, vegetation
communities have been referenced against predominant vegetation with highest fuel loads
with regard to potential sources of Bushfire Hazard posed to the proposed development.
Observed vegetation communities are described in Table 1.
Table 1 Vegetation Hazard Classifications
Direction of Vegetation DNRM Vegetation Potential Potential Potential
Bushfire Description (Sub- Regional Hazard Class Fuel Load Fire-line Bushfire
Hazard Unit – if relevant) Ecosystem (BRCTRG) (t/ha) Intensity Hazard
(kw/m)
West Notophyll Vine RE:12.11.10 Class 2.1 3.5t/ha 644 Low
through Forest Complex to
north to simple, semi-
northeast deciduous
mesophyll to
notophyll vine
forest
South Notophyll Vine RE:12.11.10 Class 2.1 3.5t/ha 644 Low
Forest Complex to
simple, semi-
deciduous
mesophyll to
notophyll vine
forest
East Scattered trees NA Class 1.4 3t/ha <1000 Low
and Managed Discontinuous
landscapes low grass or
tree cover
2.2.3 Potentially Hazardous Vegetation
Based on the above assessment, vegetation within 100m of the proposed development has
been classified as posing a low potential bushfire hazard. Consequently, the proposed
development is considered to be in a low potential bushfire hazard area.
The following section details Bushfire Risk Mitigation measures to be implemented on the site
to address the compliance requirements of the proposed development.
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3.0 Bushfire Risk Mitigation Measures
The following section describes Bushfire Risk Mitigation measures, recommended to be
utilised at the subject site to reduce the risk of Bushfire impacting on people and property.
The scope of proposed Bushfire Risk Mitigation Measures have been drawn from the
following sources:
▪ the Queensland State Government Single State Planning Policy - Part E (SPP 2017);
▪ the Bushfire Resilient Communities Technical Reference Guide (QFES,2019);
▪ the Noosa Plan 2017, Division 9 – Natural Hazards Overlays Code; and
▪ the Australian Standard (AS 3959- 2018) - Construction of buildings in bushfire prone
areas.
The intent of the above legislation is to protect people and premises in the event of a bushfire
emergency, through achieving acceptable Performance Outcomes for the development given
the identified bushfire hazard. Performance Outcomes are generally achieved by appropriate
separation of a development from bushfire hazard, appropriate access for fire-fighting
vehicles, and appropriate construction standards of buildings. Additional factors are detailed
where considered appropriate.
3.1 Asset Protection Zones
Asset protection zones (APZ’s) provide a defensive tool to assist in the reduction of potential
bushfire impact to people and property situated in bushfire prone areas. APZ’s are the most
strategically valuable defence against radiant heat and flame, and to a lesser extent, embers.
Whilst APZ’s should prevent buildings from being subjected to direct contact from flames, and
reduced levels of radiant heat in the event of a bushfire, building construction standards will
also be key to ensuring the performance of buildings subjected to ember attack. Bushfire
Attack Level for the proposed development is determined in Section 3.2.
Based on the above Bushfire Hazard Assessment, APZ’s may be required adjacent the
proposed development. These are detailed in the following section.
3.1.1 Performance Outcomes
APZ and setback distances have not been prescribed in the SPP 2017. The SPP refers to
‘provision of appropriate defendable space between dwellings and medium or above Bushfire
Hazard’. The Bushfire Resilient Communities Technical Reference Guide (QFES, 2019), refers
to determining APZ’s based on achieving a maximum 29kW/m2 radiant heat flux exposure.
This is achieved by using either the Method 2 Bushfire Attack Level Assessment as per the
AS3959,2018 for Construction of Buildings in Bushfire Prone Areas or Bushfire Asset Protection
Zone Width Calculator (QFES, 2019), which uses the calculations underpinned by the AS3959,
2018 calculation.
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The ‘Noosa Plan 2017, Division 9 – Natural Hazards Overlays Code’ (O7) requires ‘building
works to be sited, designed and constructed to minimise the number of people and property
subject to a bushfire risk; and maximise the protection of people and property during the
passage of a fire front’. Councils Probable Solution (S7.1) of ‘1.5 times the predominant
mature canopy tree height or 10m whichever is the greater; and 10m from any retained
vegetation strips or small areas of vegetation’ is detailed.
Consequently, and as per the Bushfire Resilient Communities Technical Reference Guide
(QFES, 2019), the required setbacks (APZ’s) detailed in the AS3959-2018, with regard to
building construction standards, are considered appropriate to inform the identified bushfire
hazard to the proposed development and consequently meeting the intent of the
Performance Outcomes of Councils Planning Scheme and State Methodologies.
Subsequently, the following section details the minimum distance required to achieve a
achieving a maximum 29kW/m2 radiant heat flux exposure for the proposed development.
These calculations are subsequently used to inform required APZ distances adjacent the
proposed development, in order to comply with the performance outcomes of the Australian
Standard (AS3959-2018) and the intent of the Noosa Hazard Overlay Code.
3.2 Bushfire Attack Level Assessment
Australian Standard 3959 (2018) Construction of buildings in bushfire-prone areas provides
minimum construction standards for new dwellings in designated Bushfire Prone Areas. The
construction standards are intended to improve the performance of buildings subjected to
burning debris, radiant heat or flame contact. The AS3959- 2018 methodology prescribes
Bushfire Attack Levels (BAL’s) to the facades of proposed buildings to which corresponding
construction safety standards are applied. AS3959-2018 defines Bushfire Attack Levels as:
‘A means of measuring the severity of a building’s potential exposure to ember
attack, radiant heat and direct flame contact, using increments of radiant heat
expressed in kilowatts per metre squared, which is the basis for establishing the
requirements for construction to improve protection of building elements from attack
by bushfire.’
In accordance with the Australian Standard – Construction of Buildings in Bushfire-prone
Areas (AS 3959, 2018), a Minimum Distance Assessment of the required construction
standards for the proposed development has been undertaken based on the potential
Bushfire Hazard adjacent the proposed development location as detailed above (Table 2).
This assessment has been based on the following assumptions:
▪ A Fire Danger Index (FDI) of 47 (QFES 2023);
▪ Proposed development will be located in the layout as represented in Figure 2.
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▪ Adjacent assessable vegetation communities have been classified as detailed in Table
1.
Additional parameters used to determine the minimum distances for relative BAL ratings
are detailed in the following Table/s.
Table 2: BAL Requirements - Potentially Hazardous Vegetation: North through West & South
Based on this assessment, a setback of 4m (rounded) is required adjacent the proposed
dwelling in order to achieve a maximum 29kW/m2 radiant heat flux exposure. As represented
in the proposed development footprint (Refer Figure 2), it is understood setbacks to adjacent
vegetation are to be maintained at >15m to the west, >20m to the north and >60m to the
south. Consequently, no additional APZ’s are deemed applicable to the proposed
development.
It is considered a BAL 12.5 will be applicable. Final applicable BAL rating/s will be detailed
once the ROL layout, development footprint and achievable vegetation setbacks are finalised.
3.3 Landscaping and Vegetation Management
The landscaping and ongoing management of vegetation in areas susceptible to Bushfire
Hazard is an important tool to mitigate bushfire risk. Previously detailed APZ’s should prevent
buildings from being subjected to direct contact from flames, and reduced levels of radiant
heat in the event of a bushfire. Please note: building footprint, and location, and vegetation
setbacks able to be achieved, will dictate the asset protection zone widths required adjacent
the proposed development.
Landscaping and vegetation retention within the APZ should consider the following
guidelines:
▪ Immediately adjacent proposed buildings should either be fully cleared and regularly
maintained (i.e. lawn) or retain trees as clumps or islands and provide a tree canopy
cover of less than 15% and tree canopies should be located greater than 2 metres from
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any part of the roofline of a building. Any trees should have lower limbs removed up
to a height of 2 metres above the ground.
▪ Any landscaping performed on site shall maintain the APZ effectively free of available
fuel. Landscaping plants may be used in this area so long as they are selected for their
low combustibility, by virtue of high moisture content, low volatile oil content, high
leaf mineral levels, large fleshy leaves, and absence of shedding bark. They should be
placed so as to not provide either vertical or horizontal connectedness of plant
material, and avoid overhanging rooflines or contact with flammable parts of
buildings. Any planted trees should be of species which grow to over 2m, to maintain
separation between lower canopy and the ground.
▪ Turf is to be maintained regularly to reduce the potential for long grass to fuel an
advancing fire toward buildings.
3.4 Emergency Access & Egress
New developments in bushfire prone areas should be serviced by safe access/exit points for
both residents and emergency services personnel in the event of an emergency. The
development is to avoid entrapment potential, provide safe and effective access for
emergency services vehicles and safe evacuation routes for occupants.
The Noosa Plan 2017, Division 9 – Natural Hazards Overlays Code (O9) prescribes ‘fire access
tracks to provide adequate access for fire-fighting and other emergency vehicles and adequate
width to minimise the risk of fire crossover’.
It is understood site access to the proposed dwelling location is to be established to the
immediate southeast. This driveway is understood to be ~60m in length. It is recommended
the driveway be constructed to the following guidelines:
a. Have a maximum gradient no greater than 12.5%, with a side gradient <3 %;
b. Have a minimum width of 3.5m;
c. Be constructed to all weather access;
d. Accommodate turning areas for fire-fighting appliances in accordance with Qld Fire &
Emergency Services (QFES) Fire Hydrant and Vehicle Access Guideline.
Where achieved proposed site access will be considered appropriate to meet Council
performance outcome and in accordance with Qld Fire & Emergency Services (QFES) Fire
Hydrant and Vehicle Access Guideline.
3.5 Water Availability for Fire-Fighting Purposes
The Noosa Plan 2017, Division 9 – Natural Hazards Overlays Code (O8) prescribes the
proposed development is to provide ‘an adequate and accessible water supply for fire-
fighting purposes’.
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The development must maintain the safety of people and property by ensuring that an
adequate water supply for fire fighting purposes is provided. It is subsequently recommended
this include the following where not connected to a reticulated water supply:
• a dedicated fire fighting water storage must have a volume of water not less than
10,000 litres for each building, be provided within 10m of each building and be (a) a
separate tank that is either below ground or of non-flammable construction or (b) a
reserve section in the bottom part of the main water supply tank that is either below
ground level or of non-flammable construction’.
• all fire-fighting water storage tanks, including domestic water supply tanks, are fitted
with the standard rural fire brigade fittings’ being ‘50mm outlet fitted with 50mm ball
valve and 50mm male camlock (standard rural fire brigade fitting).
• water supply provided for fire fighting purposes is safely located and accessible for fire-
fighting purposes at all times’ being ‘at least 9m from any potential fire hazards such
as venting gas bottles and combustible structures’, and
• have a safe assessable hard stand area capable of accommodating a fire fighting
vehicle, not more than 6m from the water supply outlet’.
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4.0 Recommendations and Conclusions
This report details the assessment of Bushfire Hazard and risk mitigation measures acting on
the proposed development, with consideration to the requirements of: the Queensland State
Government Single State Planning Policy - Part E (SPP 2017); the Bushfire Resilient
Communities Technical Reference Guide (QFES,2019); the Australian Standard (AS 3959- 2018)
- Construction of buildings in bushfire prone areas; and the Noosa Plan 2017, Division 9 –
Natural Hazards Overlays Code.
This assessment has confirmed vegetation within 100m of the proposed development has
been classified as posing a low potential bushfire hazard (Refer Section 2.2). Consequently,
the proposed development is considered to be in a low potential bushfire hazard area.
The following Bushfire Risk Mitigation Measures, as detailed above, are considered
appropriate to substantially mitigate the Bushfire Hazard acting on the proposed
development:
▪ Asset Protection Zone (APZ) widths have been determined for areas of the proposed
development (refer Section 3.1). Based on this assessment, a setback of 4m (rounded)
is required adjacent the proposed dwelling in order to achieve a maximum 29kW/m2
radiant heat flux exposure. As represented in the proposed development footprint
(Refer Figure 2), it is understood setbacks to adjacent vegetation are to be maintained
at >15m to the west, >20m to the north and >60m to the south. Consequently, no
additional APZ’s are deemed applicable to the proposed development.
▪ BAL determination and Construction Standard requirements have been determined
for the proposed development (refer Section 3.2). It is considered a BAL 12.5 will be
applicable. Final applicable BAL rating/s will be detailed once ROL Layout,
development footprint and achievable vegetation setbacks are finalised.
▪ Vegetation management within the APZ has been detailed to ensure low fuel
availability and reduced connectivity to buildings (refer Section 3.3).
▪ Vehicular Access and Egress of the proposed development has been detailed and is
considered appropriate for the Bushfire Hazard acting on the site (refer Section 3.4).
▪ Water Availability for Fire-fighting Purposes as per Councils Planning Scheme has been
detailed with recommendations made to inform the development (refer Section 3.5).
This assessment has been undertaken based on vegetative condition and bushfire hazards
identified on and adjacent the subject site in June 2023.
It should be noted that the recommendations within this BMP have been formulated based
on site conditions at the time of writing and utilising current best-practise hazard and impact
assessment methodologies, and have been developed to reduce the potential severity of
impacts on the proposed development in the event of a bushfire emergency rather than
prevent impacts altogether. No guarantee is provided or assumed that the area will not be
affected by bushfire at some time.
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Site occupants should seek advice from the local fire authority every 5 years (as a minimum)
to ensure the subject recommendations remain appropriate as site conditions and hazard
assessment methodologies may change over time.
Bushfires are an intrinsic part of Australia's environment, are often unpredictable, and have
potentially extremely serious consequences. All Queenslanders should be familiar with the
official Bushfire Warnings system and have a completed Bushfire Survival Plan. Print ready
guides for preparing a Bushfire Survival Plan and to assist in the interpretation of the official
Bushfire Warnings system are available for download from the Rural Fire Service Queensland
website – https://ruralfire.qld.gov.au/bushfires/.
There are three formal Bushfire Warning levels:
Advice
Monitor conditions and review your bushfire survival plan.
Watch and act
Conditions are changing. Start taking action and follow your bushfire survival plan.
Emergency Warnings
You are in danger. Act on your bushfire survival plan now.
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Used in these records
Appendix E Bushfire Hazard Assessment Report.pdfRelated documentApplication case desk ↗
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