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Attachment 2 - Noosa Biosecurity Plan 2026-2031
ATTACHMENT 2
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Noosa Biosecurity Plan |
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© Noosa Council 2026
www.noosa.qld.gov.au
General enquiries: 8.30am – 5pm Monday to Friday (excluding public holidays)
By telephone: (07) 5329 6500 (including after hours emergencies)
By email: [email protected]
Street address: 9 Pelican Street, TEWANTIN
Postal address: PO Box 141, TEWANTIN QLD 4565
Acknowledgements
Council wishes to thank all stakeholders who have provided their time and energy to help guide the
development of this plan.
Disclaimer
Information contained in this document is based on available information at the time of writing. All
figures and diagrams are indicative only and should be referred to as such. This is a strategic
document which deals with technical matters in a summary way only. Council or its officers
accept no responsibility for any loss occasioned to any person acting or refraining from acting in
reliance upon any material contained in this document.
Front page photo: Wild boar on Noosa North Shore.
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Abbreviations
BMRG – Burnett Mary Regional Group
BOA – Bushland Operational Assessment
CRM – Customer request system
DAF – Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
DETSI – Qld Department of Environment, Tourism, Science and Innovation
DoR – Qld Department of Resources
ERP – Ecological Restoration Plan
FAN – Food and Agri-business Network
GRC – Gympie Regional Council
LfW – Land for Wildlife rural landholder program
MEC – Multi-year Environment Collaborative grants
MRCCC – Mary River Catchment Coordinating Committee
NDLG – Noosa and District Landcare Group
NBRF – Noosa Biosphere Reserve Foundation
NICA – Noosa Integrated Catchment Management Association
NPA – Noosa Parks Association
QFS – Queensland Fire Services
QPW – Queensland Parks and Wildlife
SEQ – Southeast Queensland
SCC – Sunshine Coast Council
TMR – Department of Transport and Main Roads
TNC – The Nature Conservancy
VCA – Voluntary Conservation Agreement
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Contents
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................5
2. Context ...............................................................................................................8
3. Legislation & Policy............................................................................................11
4. Management Approach......................................................................................16
5 Management Tools and Support .........................................................................33
6 Timing of Management Action ............................................................................41
7. Compliance.......................................................................................................43
8. Implementation .................................................................................................44
9. Invasive Species List ..........................................................................................48
10. Useful Resources ..............................................................................................54
11. References ........................................................................................................55
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1. Introduction
Biosecurity is defined as efforts to prevent, respond to, and recover from, pests and diseases
that threaten the economy and the environment. Under the Biosecurity Act 2014 all public and
private landowners have a general biosecurity obligation to take all reasonable and practical
measures to prevent or minimise biosecurity risks on human health, amenity, economy and
environment. The Act also requires local governments to have a Biosecurity Plan for their local
government area. Reducing the threats from invasive plants and animals through
implementation of this plan is a strategic priority under the Noosa Environment Strategy.
Invasive animals and plants can be a major risk to biodiversity, waterways, agriculture and
human health and wellbeing. They can degrade and outcompete natural bushland and aquatic
environments, predate wildlife, reduce productivity and viability of crops and livestock, reduce
scenic amenity and recreational values, cause health issues for people, and increase land
management costs. Prevention, eradication and control at early stages can save significant
financial resources in the long term.
It is also acknowledged that some introduced plants are now naturalised and perform an
ecosystem function stabilising soil, providing habitat for fauna and absorbing nutrients in
wetland areas. Extreme control measures without natural regenerative approaches can cause
environmental harm. This Biosecurity Plan takes a regenerative, risk management approach
that prioritises areas and priority pest species for targeted management while helping to build
healthy and resilient ecosystems.
The plan comprises:
• Purpose and objectives
• Local, legislation and policy context
• Management approaches and tools
• Community engagement
• Compliance obligations
• Implementation actions
• Useful resources.
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Purpose and objectives
The Noosa Biosecurity Plan provides Council, community and land managers with a framework
for the management of invasive animals and plants in an effective, practical and meaningful
way. The Plan’s purpose is to:
manage invasive plant and animal biosecurity risks to people, biodiversity, and the local
economy based on priorities and actions that are reasonable and practical for the
community and land managers.
The objectives for invasive plant and animal management are outlined below.
Table 1.1. Objectives for invasive plant and animal management in Noosa Shire
Apply an adaptive and responsive approach to managing invasive
plants and animals based on current data, shared knowledge,
ongoing research, monitoring, and evaluation.
Evidence-based and
adaptive
Facilitate effective and ongoing partnerships with landowners, land
managers, First Nations people, community, industry and
government to encourage shared responsibility, and long-term
Collaborative and commitment.
coordinated
Support land managers on biosecurity priorities through landholder
extension programs, partnership projects, information sharing and
incentives.
Supportive of land
managers
Protect our environmental, community and economic assets through
risk-based prevention, preparedness and early intervention to ensure
limited resources are directed to areas and values of greatest
Risk-based and cost- environmental and community importance.
effective
Ensure intervention is targeted and focused on highest risk pest
species and considers regenerative approaches that supports
ecosystem health, integrity, function and biodiversity recovery.
Regenerative,
resilience focused
Respond to emerging threats early and effectively and build
resilience against climate-drive risks (i.e. new pests, shifting
habitats)
Responsive to
emerging threats
Ensure the whole community is aware of and meets their General
Biosecurity Obligations through clear roles, responsibilities,
education and enforcement mechanisms.
Capacity building
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Application of the plan
The Plan applies to all public and private land and waters and land owned and managed by
government, utilities and individuals within the boundary of the Noosa local government area.
This includes public land such as national parks, council bushland reserves, parks and gardens
and road reserves. For private owned land, Council supports landowners to identify and
manage biosecurity risks on their land. In many cases, Council will collaborate with private
landowners to implement actions to manage priority biosecurity risks, such as feral animal
control.
Under the Biosecurity Act 2014, Council is responsible for regulating Schedule 2 Invasive
Biosecurity Matter - Restricted plants and animals (see Section 9).
Council also plays a role in reporting biosecurity matters to Biosecurity Queensland. All
prohibited and category 1 and 2 restricted biosecurity matters outside the scope of this plan
must be reported to Biosecurity Queensland. This includes invasive aquatic diseases,
parasites, viruses, animal diseases, insects (including fire ants), marine species, and noxious
fish.
The Plan does not consider fauna species protected under the Nature Conservation Act 1992
that may be a nuisance to some residents, such as flying-foxes, magpies, brush turkeys and
snakes.
Public health risks from mosquitoes and biting midges are dealt with through Council’s
mosquito and biting midge surveillance and treatment programs.
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2. Context
Local biosecurity impacts
Noosa Shire is valued for its rich biodiversity and well-connected ecosystems of subtropical
rainforests, eucalypt woodlands and coastal ecosystems. These natural areas provide habitat
for an abundance of native plant and animal species including threatened animals such as the
koala, glossy black-cockatoo and marine turtles. A total of 185 species of conservation
significance persist in Noosa Shire and 5 threatened ecological communities. Protected areas
make up over 44% of the shire and over 55% of the shire is covered in native vegetation. The
health of these natural ecosystems is vital for community wellbeing, productive landscapes,
clean drinking water and nature-based recreation and tourism. Invasive species are a key threat
to these values.
Noosa Shire faces a complex and evolving biosecurity landscape that requires constant
vigilance and proactive, regenerative management to ensure valued ecosystems are protected
and repaired. Alongside, the impacts of development, infrastructure works and recreation,
invasive species present a growing risk to our natural environment.
Invasive plants such as Cat’s Claw Creeper (Dolichandra unguis-cati), Madeira Vine (Anredera
cordifolia) and Singapore daisy (Sphagneticola trilobata) can transform natural ecosystems,
reduce natural habitats and impact rural production. Coastal weeds such as Asparagus spp.,
Glory Lily (Gloriosa superba) and Groundsel bush (Baccharis halimifolia) are problematic in
coastal dunes and wetlands. Aquatic weeds such as Salvinia (Salvinia molesta) chock natural
waterways, affecting water quality and stock watering.
Garden escapees at the urban-bushland interface put pressure on bushland reserves by
spreading exotic species beyond residential boundaries which can outcompete native plants
and change vegetation structure and habitat quality.
Pest animals including feral deer, feral pig, fox and wild dog, pose a range of threats. Feral deer
can cause vehicle collisions on roads, impact crops and fencing. Wild dogs predate stock and
native wildlife. European foxes threaten native wildlife and livestock, preying on small
mammals, birds, reptiles and sea turtle hatchlings/eggs. Feral pigs destroy habitat and water
sources, spread invasive plants and prey on marine turtle eggs.
Fire ants are a concerning biosecurity threat across southeast Queensland with active
infestations detected just outside the Noosa Shire boundary and in small, contained areas
within the shire. Infestations are a serious risk to public safety, lifestyle and the environment.
Rust and fungal disease can cause native species decline and dieback, reduce habitat for
fauna, and affect agricultural crop yields.
Many invasive plant and animal species are now naturalised and are unlikely to ever be
eradicated from Noosa Shire. While still problematic ecologically, they can perform incidental
benefits and ecosystem functions. For example, Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora)
stabilises riverbanks and gullies and Lantana (Lantana camara) provides nesting habitat for
small native birds.
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Climate change
Climate change significantly alters ecosystems, vegetation and habitat suitability and can
facilitate the spread of invasive plants and animals. Rising temperatures, changing
precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events such as bushfire, floods and droughts
amplify biosecurity risks and create new opportunities for invasive plants and animals to
establish and thrive.
These climate-driven changes can make management more uncertain and difficult over time
and increase costs. Invasive species will respond in different ways under climate change
pressure. For example, we may see more tropical weed species moving southward into Noosa
Shire threatening existing native plants and habitats. The adaptive response to managing
invasive species will depend on the nature of the climate change impact and the species
concerned (see Table 1.2).
Information and modelling can help assess the suitability of regions for certain weed species
under a future climate to help land managers to adapt, target and bolster management
priorities in response to climate change (see Figure 1.1). WeedFutures.net profiles over 700
weed species and assesses and maps climate threats through habitat suitability modelling.
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Figure 1.1. CLIMEX modelling of Mimosa pigra, an invasive species. The map at the top is the
current situation. The lower figure is a 2070 projection showing a decline in risk in northern
Australia and an increased risk in southern Qld. Source: Waldon.,D. et al. in CSIRO AdaptNRM.
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Table 1.2. Climate change pressures and adaptive management responses
Climate change Impact Invasive species Adaptation intervention
pressure response
Ecological
Increased Loss of biodiversity Certain fire Fire dependant invasive
temperature through more dependant invasive species are rated as a high
frequent and severe species can priority for management in the
wildfires dominate native risk assessment.
species after fire.
Ecosystems that are
Tropical weed susceptible to the impacts of
species expected to wildfire, such as rainforest,
expand their range to are managed as fire
SEQ exclusion areas.
More severe flood Erosion of riparian Greater opportunity Riparian buffer areas are
events areas for invasive species restored on a priority basis.
to invade areas
impacted by erosion
Sea level rise Saltwater inundation Encourages salt Ecosystems are allowed
tolerant species space for transitional
movement through planning
scheme protections and
environment levy land
purchases.
More severe storm Storm damage to Reduced canopy Damage is assessed through
events vegetation cover provides bio-condition assessments
greater opportunity and remediated on a priority
for invasive species basis.
to invade understory
Prolonged drought Loss of biodiversity Drought tolerant Drought tolerant invasive
invasive species species are rated as a high
Changes to increase and priority for management in the
groundwater outcompete risk assessment.
hydrology native species
Economic
Increased Reduced crop yield More favourable Landowners are encouraged
temperature conditions for some to manage invasive species
invasive species to that respond to temperature
invade crop and extremes.
pasture areas
More severe flood Soil erosion and Weed species Landowners are encouraged
events saturation invade disturbed and supported to minimise
areas soil erosion through improved
land management practices.
Prolonged drought Soil exposure Greater opportunity Landowners are encouraged
for some weeds to to apply soil conservation
Potential overgrazing dominate practices.
Social / community
Increased Potential health Conditions may Asthma causing invasive
temperature and issues such as favour asthma species are a high priority for
dry conditions asthma causing invasive management in the risk
species assessment.
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3. Legislation & Policy
Commonwealth and Queensland legislation and strategies
Invasive plants and animals are managed by all levels of government and governed by a range
of legislation and strategies that define statutory obligations and community responsibilities.
These have been considered in the preparation of this Biosecurity Plan and are listed below.
A suite of supporting national and state guidelines, codes of practice and manuals also provide
practical direction and operational standards for councils, land managers and communities.
Commonwealth: State Government:
Biosecurity Act 2015 Biosecurity Act 2014
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Nature Conservation Act 1992
Conservation Act (EPBC) 1999 Environmental Protection Act 1994
National Biosecurity Strategy 2022-2032 Planning Act 2016 (Qld)
Australian Weeds Strategy 2017–2027 Biosecurity Strategy 2024-29
Australian Pest Animal Strategy 2017–2027 Invasive Plants and Animals Strategy 2025-30
Australia’s Strategy for Nature 2019-2030 Feral Deer Management Strategy 2022–27
National guidelines Wild Dog Management Strategy 2021–2026
Species specific plans Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 2022
Queensland Biosecurity Manual 2023
Various codes of practice
Various operational guidelines
Figure 3.1. Noosa Council strategies and plans
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Noosa Environment Strategy
The Noosa Environment Strategy provides a policy framework to help protect and enhance
Noosa’s unique natural environment through sustainable and regenerative management
practices, lifestyles and livelihoods.
The Strategy identifies four key themes – Biodiversity; Waterways, wetlands and coasts;
Sustainable living; and Climate change adaptation and resilience. Invasive species
management is a strategic priority for implementation. Noosa Biosecurity Plan supports
the strategies and targets identified in the Noosa Environment Strategy (see Table 3.1).
Table 3.1. Relationship of Biosecurity Plan to Environment Strategy
ES Strategic Priority Target Links to Biosecurity Plan
Biodiversity theme By 2030, there is no net Biosecurity risks are managed through a
Strategy 1.1: loss of ecosystem range of on-ground and capacity building
Protect and enhance values across the shire, programs that target council bushland
existing ecosystems, and the condition of reserves, other public lands and private
vegetation networks and Council’s priority properties.
habitats bushland reserves are
enhanced. Prioritised weed management is carried
out on Council’s bushland reserves and
other lands to enhance ecological
outcomes, with support from Bushland
Care volunteers and other Council
partners.
Sustainable Living theme By 2030, 80% of all Rural landholders are supported to
Strategy 3.3: grazing land achieves manage priority invasive plant and animal
Adopt sustainable best practice species on their properties through
agricultural practices management for education, targeted landholder extension
agriculture. programs, on farm support, and
community events.
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The Environment Strategy includes a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation program to help
track the effectiveness of management responses. Indicators and baseline measures are
outlined in the Environment Strategy Implementation Plan to ensure a wholistic, integrated
approach to managing Noosa’s environment. Results of the monitoring is reported back to the
community.
Indicators for invasive species management relate to a range of monitoring and management
activities, as summarised in Figure 3.2.
Further details on information systems and data collection methods are provided in Section 5.
Pest distribution & Landholder extension Active pest management Volunteer support
surveillance is recorded and incentives support is carried out in priority through the Noosa
via camera detection, AI the delivery of council-managed community bushland
technology and annual biosecurity priorities bushland reserves. care program
pest surveys. including multi-year contributes to weed
extension programs and Bushland operational removal within
Property surveillance private partnerships assessments (BOAs) are Council’s bushland
activities and targeted through Land for Wildlife conducted every 5 years reserves and builds
inspections support early and Volunteer with data on weed community
detection and response Conservation Agreement species gathered for stewardship.
in areas not infested. (VCA) properties. prioritised management.
Data is collected to
Various data related to track and celebrate
landholder pest this volunteer effort.
management activity is
collected.
Figure 3.2. Noosa Environment Strategy monitoring and data collection activities.
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General biosecurity obligation
All landowners are responsible for biosecurity matters on their land and have a general
biosecurity obligation under the Biosecurity Act 2014 to take all reasonable and practical
measures to prevent and minimise biosecurity risks and ensure pests, diseases or
contaminants are not spread. This Biosecurity Plan has been prepared under the requirements
of the Act. It identifies priority invasive plants and animals that can be a problem in Noosa Shire
and required management actions for land managers.
Under the Biosecurity Act 2014 there are two types of biosecurity matters relevant to the local
government area: Prohibited matters and Restricted matters.
Prohibited matters
Prohibited matters are invasive plant and animal species that are a potential threat to our
economy, local amenity, human health and natural environment but do not currently occur
within Queensland.
Everyone must be aware and take steps to prevent prohibited species from entering
Queensland. If prohibited species are detected, they need to be reported to Biosecurity
Queensland within 24 hours on 13 25 23, and all reasonable steps are to be taken to minimise
risks.
It is an offence to keep, possess, breed, propagate, use, feed, distribute, import transport,
dispose of, buy, or supply prohibited species, unless authorised under a permit.
Restricted matters
Restricted matters are invasive plants and animal species that currently occur in Queensland
that may threaten our economy, local amenity, human health and natural environment. Over 50
species have been recorded in Noosa Shire so far.
If restricted species are detected, land managers need to take actions to contain, reduce or
control those species.
There are 7 different categories of management for restricted species that have requirements
for land managers to comply with (refer Table 3.2). Some restricted plant and animal species
can have more than one category assigned to it which may mean they need to comply with
various requirements.
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Table 3.2. Restricted Matter Categories. Council’s regulatory role applies to management
categories 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6.
Category 1 Must be reported to Biosecurity Queensland (BQ) within 24 hours (by calling 13 25
23)
Category 2 Must be reported to BQ or an authorised Council officer within 24hrs (by calling
Biosecurity Queensland on 13 25 23 or Council on 07 5329 6500)
Category 3 Must not be supplied to another person, disposed of, given as a gift, sold, traded,
or released into the environment, unless authorised in a regulation or under a
permit
Category 4 Must not be moved to avoid spreading into other areas
Category 5 Must not be possessed or kept unless authorised under a permit
Category 6 Must not be fed (unless authorised under a permit or as part of a control program)
Category 7 Must be destroyed and correctly disposed of (applies only to noxious fish, and
outside the scope of this plan.
Locally significant invasive plants and animals
There are other invasive plants and animals that are not prohibited or restricted under the
Biosecurity Act 2014 that can pose a threat to the local values of Noosa Shire. They can disrupt
natural ecosystems and impact our local communities. It is recommended that land managers
also consider these species, where reasonable and practical, when managing high value
natural environmental areas, such as protected conservation areas, waterways, wetlands and
riparian vegetation. These species are referred to as ‘locally significant invasive plants and
animals’ and covered in Section 4 of this plan.
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4. Management Approach
Integrated risk-based management
The approach to managing biosecurity risks in Noosa is evidence-based and adaptive, ensuring
that management responses are guided by current data, shared knowledge and ongoing
research. Through continuous monitoring and evaluation, interventions are refined to remain
effective in the face of shifting ecological conditions and climate-driven risks.
By prioritising risk-based prevention, preparedness and early intervention, resources are
directed to areas and values of greatest environmental and community importance. Practicing
early intervention and timely eradication also avoids significant impacts and costly
management.
Biosecurity Queensland, Noosa Council and landowners have been successful in eradicating
several potentially invasive species from the shire. For example, Water mimosa (Neptunia
oleracea), Senegalia spp., Madras thorn (Pithecellobium dulce) and Parthenium (Parthenium
hysterophorus) were reported to Council by landowners and were eradicated through herbicide
treatment and mechanical removal.
Invasive species management in Noosa Shire is embedded within an integrated and
coordinated Environment Strategy framework that provides for the protection of natural assets
from biosecurity risks alongside the strengthening of resilience through regenerative practices
that restore ecosystems, soil, water and habitats. Responses for weeds, feral animal and other
pests are designed to integrate with broader ecosystem restoration priorities for waterways,
riparian areas, biodiversity corridors and rural land management.
Pest management occurs across public and private lands and contributes to broader
biodiversity conservation and community capacity building priorities. This is supported by
ongoing partnerships with landowners, land managers, First Nations custodians, industry and
government that together create shared responsibility and long-term commitment to
biosecurity management in Noosa. Rural landholder extension programs are multi-faceted
focused on knowledge building and direct on-ground action and support.
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Shire-wide risk assessment for invasive species
A biosecurity risk assessment by an expert panel identified the highest priority invasive species,
their management feasibility, and appropriate management approach for Noosa Shire. The risk
assessment is a standardised approach developed by Biosecurity Queensland that assesses
and scores each species based on the following:
• Risk – economic, social amenity, human health and ecological impacts, invasiveness
(ability to spread and establish), and potential distribution
• Feasibility of management – current distribution, cost of control and likely effectiveness of
control.
High-priority species are categorised into four management objectives based on the risk
assessment results:
Prevention – not currently found; species prevented from entering the shire
Eradication – small distribution present in the shire; species are eradicated
Containment – moderate distribution; reduce impact and spread
Asset-based protection – widespread distribution; protect high value areas/assets
These management objectives are depicted in the Generalised Invasion Curve below in Figure
4.1 and reflect the most appropriate management response for each invasive species.
Figure 4.1. Generalised invasion curve and priority invasive species management outcomes
(Source: Biosecurity Victoria, Victorian Government)
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The benefits of preventing an invasive species from establishing, or eradicating it before it
becomes widespread, are significant. If species cannot be totally removed it may still be
possible to contain it, preventing it from spreading into other valued areas. If the management
intervention is successful, it may stop the invasive plant or animal becoming more established
(progressing along the invasion curve) or reduce the impact. This plan prioritises the targeting of
biosecurity threats that have the best chance of being eradicated completely from Noosa.
Results of the risk assessment are shown in the Tables 4.1—4.8 below, including reasonable
and practical measures for meeting the management objectives. Specific on-ground actions for
land managers will depend on the species, extent of the infestation and available controls.
This prioritisation enables extra resources to be targeted towards the highest risk species – the
more the investment, the more effective eradication and containment can be. It is hoped that
improvements in technologies and techniques, along with active ongoing management, will see
some of the ‘Containment’ species able to move to potentially eradicable in the future, or at
least to achieve local eradications.
All public and private landowners within Noosa Shire have a biosecurity obligation for all
Schedule 1 & 2 invasive matters. Schedule 1 and 2 species are listed in Section 9 of this plan.
Even if a species is determined to be low risk there is still a requirement to adhere to the
restricted matter obligations relevant to the species. On occasion, specific property-level
circumstances may elevate the biosecurity risk and require additional action to be taken.
Feral pigs breed rapidly and disperse widely. They cause significant damage to the environment and
agriculture, causing soil disturbance and erosion, damaging vegetation and water edges and predating
on native fauna such as ground-nesting birds, small mammals and reptiles.
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Prevention
Prevention aims to prevent the arrival and establishment of invasive plants and animals that are
not already in the local government area. Species recorded in Table 4.1 are not found in Noosa
Shire however, they are a significant biosecurity risk. If the species became established, they
would likely result in significant impacts. Prevention through increased community and land
manager awareness and early detection and response is an important objective of Noosa’s
biosecurity program. Table 4.2 outlines recommended management measures for prevention.
Table 4.1. Prevention species
Management Objective: Prevention – Invasive Plants and Animals
Outcome: New invasive species are prevented from entering and establishing in the shire
Note: Some of these species were previously eradicated from shire and are a high priority for
monitoring. New invasive species that enter Noosa Shire are added to this list to prioritise
preventing their establishment.
Priority species Restricted
mgt category
Invasive plants
Acacia, cha-om (Senegalia spp.) (prohibited) 1
African fountain grass (Cenchrus setaceum) 3
Amazon frogbit (Limnobium laevigatum) (prohibited) 3, 5
Chinee apple (Ziziphus mauritiana) 3
Creeping lantana (Lantana montevidensis) 3
Hiptage (Hiptage benghalensis) 3
Kahili ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum) 3
Kudzu (Pueraria montana) 3
Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) 3
Madras thorn (Pithecellobium dulce) 2,3,4,5
Mexican bean tree (Cecropia pachystachya, C. palmata and C. peltata) 2,3,4,5
Senegal tea (Gymnocoronis spilanthoides) 3
Telegraph weed (Heterotheca grandiflora) 3
Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) (prohibited) 2,3,4,5
Velvety tree pear (Opuntia tomentosa) 3
Water mimosa (Neptunia oleracea and N. plena) 2,3,4,5
Invasive animals
Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) 2
Red Eared Slider Turtle (Trachyemys scripta elegans) 2,3,4,5,6
Yellow Crazy Ant (Anoplolepsis gracilipes) 3
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Table 4.2. Prevention species management measures
Reasonable and practicable measures for prevention of invasive plants and animals
Aim Measure
Awareness Be aware of ‘prevention’ species for Noosa Shire.
Have any unfamiliar species formally identified.
Surveillance and Carry out area/property surveillance activities / targeted inspections
early detection For plants, prioritise introduction pathways such as roads, boat ramps,
stockyards, and watering points
Prevent For invasive plants:
introduction Carry out hygiene procedures on vehicles, boats, machinery and clothing
including wash downs, brush downs, visual inspections and quarantine.
Spell stock in holding areas when moved from high-risk areas.
Source stock feed, garden/landscaping products from low-risk areas or
request a weed hygiene declaration.
For invasive animals:
Check any purchased animals are not listed under the Biosecurity Act
2014
Notification Invasive species listed as prohibited or restricted category 2 matter
under Biosecurity Act 2014 reported to Biosecurity Queensland on 13 25
23.
All ‘prevention’ invasive species to be reported to Noosa Council on 07
5329 6500.
Distribution No ‘prevention’ invasive plants may be grown, kept, sold, traded, given
away, or released into the environment.
Control To be advised once reported to Biosecurity Queensland and/or Council.
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Fire ants: Fire ants are small, brown insects, 2-6mm long, that can inflict painful stings on humans
and animals and affect agricultural crop yields. While not currently established in Noosa, they
remain an ongoing biosecurity risk. Early detection is critical. (Source: Business Queensland)
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Eradication
Eradication is the elimination of every individual of a species from an area. The species in Table
4.3 are present in limited distribution and abundance in Noosa Shire and present a biosecurity
risk. Elimination of the biosecurity risk posed by these species is reasonable and practicable for
land managers to achieve based on current distribution, cost of control and likely effectiveness
of control. Table 4.4 outlines recommended management measures for eradication.
Table 4.3. Eradication plant species
Management Objective: Eradication – Invasive Plants
Outcome: Invasive plant species currently present in the shire are eliminated.
Note: These species could feasible be eradicated from the shire with sufficient resourcing.
Priority species Restricted
mgt category
Annual ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) 3
Bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundifolia) 2,3,4,5
Common pest pear, spiny pest pear (Opuntia stricta syn. O. inermis) 3
Drooping tree pear (O. monocantha syn. O. vulgaris) 3
Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis) 3
Sagittaria (Sagittaria platyphylla) 3
Yellow oleander, Captain Cook tree (Cascabela thevetia syn. Thevetia 3
peruviana)
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Table 4.4. Eradication management measures
Reasonable and practicable measures for eradication of invasive plants
Aim Measure
Awareness Be aware of ‘eradication’ species for Noosa Shire.
Have any unfamiliar plants formally identified.
Surveillance and Carry out area/property surveillance activities / targeted inspections
early detection prioritising introduction pathways such as roads, boat ramps, stockyards,
and watering points.
Prevent Carry out hygiene procedures on vehicles, boats, machinery and clothing
introduction including wash downs, brush downs, visual inspections and quarantine.
Spell stock in holding areas when moved from high-risk areas.
Source stock feed, garden/landscaping products from low-risk areas or
request a weed hygiene declaration.
Notification Invasive plants listed as prohibited or restricted category 2 matter under
Biosecurity Act 2014 reported to Biosecurity Queensland on 13 25 23.
All ‘eradication’ invasive plants reported to Noosa Council on 07 5329 6500.
Distribution No ‘eradication’ invasive plants may be grown, kept, sold, traded, given
away, or released into the environment.
Control Remove all plants and reproductive parts fully and continuously from the
area, following approved best practice methods for each specific species.
(This may include chemical treatments, physical or mechanical removal,
removing contaminated soil or turf, preventing further spread, maintaining
competitive vegetation/crops/pastures, using biological control agents).
Refer to Queensland Government Restricted invasive plants for species
specific controls.
Establish an ongoing monitoring program to measure progress towards
eradication, including inspection by Noosa Council.
Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis)
Fireweed is a fast-spreading, toxic herb that poses significant risks to livestock health, pasture
productivity, and ecology across South-East Queensland. While Noosa Shire currently experiences
scattered, low-density incursions the species remains a high-priority target for early intervention and
eradication due to its rapid reproductive capacity and long-lived seedbank. (Photo source: WeedScan)
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Containment
Containment involves the establishment of areas where there are defined management
measures that halt or slow the rate of spread of an invasive species. The plant and animal
species in Table 4.5 are distributed in parts of Noosa, and while eradication may not be
feasible, minimising the biosecurity risk posed by the species is reasonable and practical. Land
managers can reduce the impact of the species by stopping its spread across the landscape
and removing it if it does spread into new areas. Table 4.6 outlines recommended management
measures for containment.
Table 4.5. Containment plant species
Management Objective: Containment – Invasive plants and animals
Outcome: Invasive species are managed to reduce their impact and stop their spread.
Note: Eradication of these species from the shire is unlikely. For small infestations or infestations
that can be eradicated within 5 years, eradication is more cost effective for landowners than ongoing
containment.
Priority species Restricted mgt
category
Invasive plants
African tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata) 3
Balloon vine (Cardiospermum grandiflorum) 3
Broad-leaf privet, tree privet (Ligustrum lucidum) 3
Broad-leaved pepper tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) 3
Cabomba (Cabomba caroliniana) 3
Camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) 3
Cats claw creeper (Dolichandra unguis-cati) 3
Chinese celtis (Celtis sinensis) 3
Dutchman’s pipe (Aristolochia spp. other than native species) 3
Groundsel bush (Baccharis halimifolia) 3
Kidney-leaf mud plantain (Heteranthera reniformis) 3, 5
Madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia) 3
Thunbergia (Thunbergia grandiflora syn. T. laurifolia) 3
Invasive Animals
Feral red deer (Cervus elaphus) 3, 4,6
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Table 4.6. Containment species management measures
Reasonable and practicable measures for containment of invasive species
Aim Measure
Awareness Be aware of ‘containment’ species for Noosa Shire.
Have any unfamiliar species formally identified.
Surveillance and Carry out area/property surveillance activities / targeted inspections
early detection For plants, prioritise introduction pathways such as roads, boat ramps,
stockyards, and watering points.
Prevent For invasive plants:
introduction Carry out hygiene procedures on vehicles, boats, machinery and clothing
including wash downs, brush downs, visual inspections and quarantine.
Spell stock in holding areas when moved from high-risk areas.
Source stock feed, garden/landscaping products from low-risk areas or request
a weed hygiene declaration.
Check that any plants purchased, including reproductive parts, are not listed
under the Biosecurity Act 2014.
For invasive animals:
Check any purchased animals are not listed under the Biosecurity Act 2014.
Notification All ‘containment’ invasive animals to be reported to Noosa Council on 07 5329
6500.
Distribution No ‘containment’ invasive species may be grown, kept, sold, traded, given
away, or released into the environment.
For invasive plants:
Carry out hygiene procedures on vehicles, machinery and clothing when
leaving areas infested, including wash downs, brush downs, visual inspections
and quarantine.
Minimising seed spread (eg. slash to prevent seeding, remove fruit, establish a
buffer zone).
Spell stock in holding areas when moved from high-risk areas.
Control For invasive plants:
In areas with established infestations (core areas) – manage to reduce impact
and further spread away by following approved control and disposal methods.
(This may include conducting chemical treatments; physical or mechanical
removal; maintaining weed free buffers; preventing further spread; maintaining
competitive vegetation/crops/pastures; utilising biological control agents).
Refer to Qld Gov restricted invasive plants for specific controls.
In areas with new infestations (exclusion areas) – remove or destroy all plants
and reproductive plant parts fully and continuously from the area infested by
following approved control and disposal methods for the specific species. (This
may include conducting chemical treatments; physical or mechanical removal;
maintaining weed free buffers; preventing further spread; maintaining
competitive vegetation/crops/pastures; utilising biological control agents.
Refer to Qld Gov restricted invasive plants for species specific controls.
Establish an ongoing monitoring program to measure progress towards
containment, including inspection by Noosa Council.
For invasive animals:
Develop and implement an invasive animal plan in consultation with Noosa
Council and participate in invasive animal control activities (eg. verifying
species presence, pest animal baiting, fencing).
Establish an ongoing monitoring program to measure progress towards
containment, including inspection by Noosa Council.
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Figure 4.2: Priority areas for onground control of Cat’s Claw Creeper (Source: NDLC 2021). Noosa Landcare and Noosa Council have been carrying out management of Cats Claw Creeper for several years, with ground surveys completed for parts of the Six Mile Creek catchment, and Kin Kin catchment and priority infestation sites identified and actively managed.
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Asset protection
Asset protection is minimising the spread and/or minimise the impacts of established and
widespread invasive species on high value environmental, social or economic assets. High
value assets may include conservation areas, waterways, wetlands, riparian vegetation,
agricultural areas, community open space and residential areas. The species present in Table
4.7 are widely distributed across Noosa Shire, and their broadscale eradication and
containment are not feasible. It is reasonable and practical for land managers to minimise the
biosecurity risk posed by the species by managing spread and managing impacts on high value
assets. Table 4.8 outlines recommended management measures for asset protection.
Table 4.7. Asset protection plant species
Management Objective: Asset Protection – Invasive plant and animals
Outcome: Invasive species are managed to reduce threat to high value assets.
Note: Eradication of these species from the shire is unlikely.
Priority species Restricted mgt
category
Invasive plants
American rat’s tail grass (Sporobolus jacquemontii) 3
Asparagus fern, Climbing Asparagus Fern (Asparagus aethiopicus, A. africanus 3
and A. plumosus)
Broad-leaved pepper tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) 3
Cabomba (Cabomba caroliniana) 3
Camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) 3
Giant Parramatta grass (Sporobolus fertilis) 3
Giant rat’s tail grass (S. pyramidalis and S. natalensis) 3
Glush weed, Hygrophila (Hygrophila costata) 3
Lantana, common lantana (Lantana camara) 3
Mother of millions hybrid (Bryophyllum x houghtonii) 3
Rubus (all species except native Rubus species) 3
Salvinia (Salvinia molesta) 3
Singapore daisy (Sphagneticola trilobata syn. Wedelia trilobata) 3
Small-leaf privet, Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) 3
Yellow bells (Tecoma stans) 3
Invasive animals
Cat (Felis catus and Prionailurus bengalensis x Felis catus), other than a domestic 3,4,6
cat
Carp (Cyprinus carpio) 3,5,6,7
Dingo (Canis lupus dingo) 3,4,5,6
Dog (Canis lupus familiaris), other than a domestic dog 3,4,6
European fox (Vulpes vulpes) 3,4,5,6
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Feral pig (Sus scrofa) 3,4,6
Gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki) 3,5,6,7
Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) 3,5,6,7
Spotted Tilapia (Tilapia mariae) 3,5,6,7
Suminoe oyster (Magallana ariakensis) 2,3,4,5
Table 4.8. Asset protection management measures
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Reasonable and practicable measures for asset management of invasive species
Aim Measure
Awareness Be aware of ‘asset protection’ invasive species in Noosa Shire.
Have any unfamiliar species formally identified.
Surveillance and Carry out area/property surveillance activities / targeted inspections of high
early detection value assets.
For plants, prioritising introduction pathways such as roads, boat ramps,
stockyards and watering points.
Preventing For invasive plants:
introduction Carry out hygiene procedures on vehicles, boats, machinery and clothing
including wash downs, brush downs, visual inspections and quarantine.
Spell stock in holding areas when moved from high-risk areas.
Source stock feed, garden/landscaping products from low-risk areas or
request a weed hygiene declaration.
Check that any plants purchased, including reproductive parts, are not
listed under the Biosecurity Act 2014.
For invasive animals:
Check that any animals purchased are not listed under the Biosecurity Act
2014.
Removal waste and unused infrastructure that may provide shelter and
habitat for invasive animals.
Notification Not required.
For invasive animals - can be reported to FeralScan at feralscan.org.au
Distribution No ‘asset protection’ invasive species may be sold, traded, given away, or
released into the environment.
For invasive plants:
Carry out hygiene procedures on vehicles, machinery and clothing when
leaving areas infested, including wash downs, brush downs, visual
inspections and quarantine.
Minimising seed spread (eg. slash to prevent seeding, remove fruit,
establish a buffer zone).
Spell stock in holding areas when moved from high-risk areas.
Control For invasive plants:
Remove all plants and reproductive parts fully and continuously from the
area, following approved best practice methods for each specific species.
(This may include chemical treatments, physical or mechanical removal,
removing contaminated soil or turf, preventing further spread, maintaining
competitive vegetation/crops/pastures, using biological control agents).
Refer to Qld Gov Restricted invasive plants for species specific controls.
Establish an ongoing monitoring program to measure progress towards
asset protection, including inspection by Noosa Council.
For invasive animals:
Develop and implement an invasive animal plan in consultation with Noosa
Council and participate in invasive animal control activities (eg. verifying
species presence, pest animal baiting, fencing).
Establish an ongoing monitoring program to measure progress towards
asset protection, including inspection by Noosa Council.
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Figure 4.3. Dog attacks are a significant and preventable cause of koala injury and mortality in Noosa.
Mapping of vegetation patches known to contain koalas using koala drone surveys, scat surveys and
other records help to prioritise conservation actions for a range of threats (Source: Koala Landscape
Connectivity and Corridors in Noosa Biosphere, Noosa and District Landcare 2025)
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Locally significant species
There are hundreds of invasive species in Noosa Shire that are not listed as prohibited or
restricted under the Biosecurity Act 2014, however they present a local biosecurity risk to
environmental areas. Some examples are shown in Table 4.9 below of plant and animal species
that can significantly impact natural areas, are highly invasive, spread naturally and easily, and
are often relatively widespread. While these species represent high biosecurity risk to our
natural environment, there are other invasive species not listed that also present a biosecurity
risk and may require management.
It is recommended that land managers take actions to control and prevent further spread of
these species when they are impacting or threatening high value natural assets including
vegetated areas managed for conservation, waterways, wetlands and riparian vegetation along
waterways. Table 4.10 outlines some recommended management measures.
Table 4.9. Locally significant plant and animal species
Common name Scientific name
Plant species
Archer axillaris Macrotyloma axillare var. axillare
Cadaghi gum Corymbia torrelliana
Cocos palm Syagrus romanzoffiana
Corky passionfruit Passiflora suberosa
Duranta Duranta repens
Easter cassia Senna pendula var. glabrata
Fishbone fern Nephrolepis cordifolia
Gloriosa Lily (Glory lily) Gloriosa superba
Glycine Neonotonia wightii
Guinea Grass (road reserves) Megathyrsus maximus
Impatiens Impatiens spp.
Leucaena Leucaena leucocephala
Parrots feather Myriophyllum aquaticum
Mickey mouse plant (Ochna) Ochna serrulata
Mile-a-minute Ipomoea cairica
Morning glory Ipomoea indica
Running Bamboo Phyllostachys spp.
Setaria Setaria sphacelate
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Silver-leaved Desmodium Desmodium uncinatum
Siratro Macroptilium atropurpureum
Slash pine Pinus spp.
Syngonium Syngonium podophyllum
Umbrella tree Schefflera actinophylla
Animal species
Common Myna (Indian Myna) Acridotheres tristis
Common Myna
The Common Myna was originally introduced to Australia from Asia to control agricultural
pests. The species is now widespread and is often seen in urban areas around Noosa. There
is concern that they outcompete native animals for food and displace native hollow-nesting
birds. Nuisance behaviours including noise, fouling and congregating around food waste also
cause community concern.
Although Myna is not a scheduled species under the Biosecurity Act 2014, Council has been
helping volunteers to reduce populations through a community trapping program and
partnerships with local wildlife groups to map nesting hotspots.
Photo source: All About Wildlife
Source 1 All About Wildlife
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Table 4.10. Locally significant species management measures
Recommended measures for management of locally significant species
Aim Measures
Surveillance and Carry out property surveillance activities.
early detection
Prevent Carry out invasive plant hygiene procedures on vehicles, machinery and
introduction clothing including wash downs, brush downs, visual inspections.
Reduce spread Following best practice control and disposal methods for the specific
species. (This may include chemical treatments, physical or mechanical
removal, removing contaminated soil or turf, preventing further spread,
maintaining competitive vegetation/crops/pastures, using biological
control agents).
Develop a property pest management plan and establish an ongoing
monitoring program to measure progress.
Visit Qld Gov other invasive plants for species specific controls.
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Glory Lily (Gloriosa superba)
Glory Lily is an escaped ornamental vine-lily that is increasingly found in dune systems and
coastal bushland having spread from garden plantings. Its underground tubers allow it to survive
fire and regenerate rapidly. This coastal weed smoothers native vegetation, reduces habitat
quality of ground dwelling birds and mammals, and can be toxic to wildlife and pets. (Photo
source: Weeds Australia)
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5 Management Tools and Support
Empowering land managers with tools, knowledge and support to prevent species from
establishing and spreading is essential for effective biosecurity management in Noosa. Early
detection and targeted action by landholders and ongoing surveillance and control can
significantly reduce the risk of invasive species taking hold and prevent long term impacts to
land, livestock, crops, natural areas and human health.
Property pest management plans
A property pest management plan can assist landowners where the extent of invasive species
requires management over several years. The nature of the management plan will depend on
the desired outcomes, whether that be improving agricultural productivity or requiring
ecological restoration. Plans may include mapping infestations, prioritising management
options, and measuring and monitoring progress towards targets.
Private landowners may develop a property management plan as a requirement under the
Biosecurity Act 2014, or voluntarily through a Land for Wildlife or Voluntary Conservation
Agreement program, where ecological restoration is the main objective.
Biosecurity Surveys
Council pest management officers undertake inspections and surveys on urban and rural
properties as part of ongoing biosecurity surveillance activities, including:
• biosecurity surveillance
• shire-wide surveys
• targeted surveys of high value natural assets.
Biosecurity surveillance program
The Biosecurity Act 2014 gives authority for pest management officers to survey private
property and government land for invasive species. Each quarter, four localities in rural
areas are selected for surveys. These surveys monitor for compliance and confirm
presence and extent. Repeat visits allow for an assessment of the effectiveness of
implementation actions to reduce biosecurity threats.
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Shire-wide survey program
An annual shire-wide survey program is carried out by Council to build knowledge of the
distribution and abundance of invasive species. This is a randomised survey to remove bias
from the collection of data which can otherwise be focused to areas where people reside
or travel. The survey covers both public and private land. Surveys can also be species-focused
in specific areas such as high value ecosystems at risk.
Figure 5.1. Shire-wide random inspection surveys for invasive species
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Historical data and spatial information
Previous pest survey data is collated and displayed spatially to better understand the
distribution and abundance of invasive species across the shire (see (Figure 5.3). This mapping
provides a visualisation of invasive species presence and helps identify areas that require
follow-up management for council staff.
Figure 5.3. Invasive species records previously collected across Noosa Shire.
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Information capture, detection & reporting
Camera and AI technology
Council makes use of cameras, thermal scopes and artificial intelligence to review images
captured in ‘hot spot’ areas to identify pest species and their distribution across the Noosa
Shire. This allows for more targeted control and baiting programs to occur.
Fox detection: High-definition camera imagery in combination with lure-based monitoring is effective
for studying and controlling fox populations.
Conservation detection dogs
Conservation detection dogs are also a very useful tool for managing European red foxes across
the broader Sunshine Coast region. The trained dogs are deployed during fox breading season
when control efforts are most effective. This helps to record and map the distribution and
breading activity and target control. This is especially important in coastal dune systems, where
fox dens can be deep, complex and well-concealed. The fox control program is helping to
protect native species like marine turtle, eastern ground parrot, spotted-tailed quoll and water
mouse, which are vulnerable to fox predation. Detection dogs are also used to help locate and
conserve koala populations in Noosa through koala scat (poo) detection.
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Field Maps App
Council utilises mobile devices and applications to better support staff in the field. Staff use
tablets or mobile phones with Field maps App to record invasive species presence
and management response. Sites are re-visited to assess the effectiveness of
management controls over time. Field maps App can also be used for targeted citizen
science projects to gather more data and information from residents across the Shire
about their local areas.
Figure 5.5. On ground invasive species data collected to record species distribution.
Bushland condition monitoring
Council uses a Bushland Operational Assessment (BOA) methodology to asset the condition of
its bushland reserves. The BOA spatially identifies the resilience of native vegetation against
various threats such as weeds, fire, disturbance and nutrients, and its recovery potential.
Condition classes range from ‘excellent resilience’ where full recovery is expected after natural
disturbance to ‘nil resilience’ where significant reconstruction is required to bring the site back
to a natural condition.
The BOAs are reviewed every 5 years to assess how the condition of the bushland has change
over time through management and ecological restoration work.
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WeedScan app
WeedScan is a community weed identification and reporting app that uses smartphone camera
for AI-powered weed detection and enables users to record and report sightings and share
information with community groups. It is integrated with Atlas of Living of Australia and state
weed and pest databases.
iNaturalist app
iNaturalist is a citizen science app that allows users to identify, record and share observations
of plants and animals using a smartphone camera. AI computer vision is used to identify the
species which is then verified by experts and users. Recordings of high-priority invasive species
are reported to Government agencies for follow up, and records are also shared with the Atlas
of Living Australia and QLD Herbarium.
FeralScan app
FeralScan is a community-driven app and website for reporting sightings, damage and control
actions related to invasive animals. Target species include rabbits, wild dogs, feral cats, pigs,
cane toads, fox and other pest animals. Sightings can be reported directly to Council or via the
app.
Weed Spotter Network
Weed Spotter Network Queensland is a citizen science collaboration between Queensland
Herbarium and Biosecurity Queensland. There are more than 1800 trained weed spotters
across the state, detecting and recording high risk invasive species. The network supports
biosecurity and environmental protection through early detection and reporting of weeds before
they become established. Members receive newsletters and access to identification guides
and expert advice.
Waterwatch program
The Waterwatch program a dedicated citizen science program coordinated by Mary River
Catchment Coordinating Committee (MRCCC) that collects valuable water quality information
throughout the Mary River catchment including riparian condition and water weeds. Around 80
volunteers sample over 100 sites within the catchment.
Salvinia is a water weed that
forms a thick mat that can
quickly cover water bodies,
reduce water flow, degrade water
quality and destroy wildlife
habitat. Source: Business
Queensland
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Landholder support programs
Urban Wildlife Gardens
Urban Wildlife Gardens is a community program designed to encourage the creation of local
habitat for wildlife in urban areas. The program provides residents with knowledge about weed
identification and management and how to prevent weeds from establishing and spreading, as
well as encouraging the use of native plants in their landscaping.
Land for Wildlife
Council’s Land for Wildlife program provides free, tailored ecological advice to landholders
including site assessments, invasive species identification, practical management
recommendations, and financial support for weed management. The program also connects
members to education workshops, field days and community groups.
Voluntary Conservation Agreements
Voluntary Conservation Agreements (VCAs) provide support and incentives to landholders to
actively manage invasive plants on their properties, such as Cat’s Claw Creeper, Madeira vine
and Lantana. Management plans developed under a VCA include identification of priority
environmental weeds and required control actions, alongside habitat restoration. Council
offers annual rate rebates to VCA landholders to help offset the costs of ongoing management
activities.
Noosa and District Landcare
Noosa and District Landcare offer workshops, property visits, restoration services and
education materials including practical guidance for weed management.
Multi-year landholder projects – weed control
Council offers multi-year Environment Collaborative (MEC) Grants to eligible
6
community groups to assist with on-ground environmental projects including
revegetation and weed control.
Hinterland Bushlinks is a not-for-profit community organisation who has
received this multi-year funding and is focused on connecting and restoring
native vegetation across the Sunshine Coast and Noosa hinterland. Weed vines
such as Cat’s Claw Creeper, Madeira Vine and Dutchman’s Pipe are target
species through key corridors within the hinterland.
Cat’s Claw Creeper and Madeira Vine smother native vegetation and cause
stream bank collapse. Dutchman’s Pipe is toxic to the larvae of the vulnerable
Richmond Birdwing Butterfly.
For more than a decade the successful Roving Restorers project coordinated by
Hinterland Bushlinks has helped private landholders with weed control, native
tree plantings and informal training.
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Timing of Management Action
Invasive plants
Maximising management effectiveness requires aligning control actions with both the seasonal
behaviour of invasive plants and the reproductive and regeneration phases of priority native
species. Targeting invasive plants at times when they are most responsive to control methods,
such as during early growth or just before flowering, helps reduce their competitive advantage.
Avoiding disturbance during sensitive breeding or flowering and seedling establishment of
native species prevents unintended ecological impacts. For example, winter removal of
Lantana can expose shade-dependent seedling and displace small fauna, making the warmer
growing season better for native species to recover and recolonise. Table 6.1 illustrates the
seasonal nature of invasive plant control in Noosa.
Table 6.1. Seasonal calendar of optimum timing and techniques for invasive plant control
Invasive plant Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
species
Broad-leaved
pepper tree
Cabomba
Camphor
laurel
Cat’s claw
creeper
Giant rat’s tail
grass
Hygrophilia
Lantana
Madeira vine
Mother of
millions
Salvinia
Singapore
daisy
Small-leaved
privet
Activity type
Spray
Cut and paint / frill
Manual removal
Cut and paint & spray
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Invasive animals
Invasive animal management is most successful when control actions are aligned with the
seasonal behaviour of both pest species and the native wildlife they impact. By timing
control around key movement, breeding and feeding periods, programs can maximise
effectiveness and avoid unintended harm to native species. For example, foxes are
controlled prior to turtle nesting to minimise predation on eggs and hatchlings. Table 6.2
summarises the seasonal patterns that guide invasive animal management for Noosa.
Table 6.2. Seasonal calendar of optimum timing and techniques for invasive animal control
Invasive Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
animal
species
Cat (not
domestic)
Dog (not
domestic)
European
fox
Feral deer
Feral pig
Activity type
Trapping
Baiting
Shooting
Canid pest ejectors (CPE)
Den fumigation
Trapping and CPE
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7. Compliance
Along with education and support, compliance measures are sometimes needed to achieve
management objectives for priority invasive plants and animals. Council’s trained authorised
personnel work with land managers to meet their general biosecurity obligations.
Where invasive species are detected through an inspection program or customer request,
Council will take steps to report and investigate, and if required for that species, work with the
land manager to remove, destroy, or control the species (refer Figure 7.1 below). Prohibited
species are reported to Biosecurity Queensland for advice, while for restricted species, land
managers are required to follow the recommended actions of Council. This involves Council
preparing a plan for control options in consultation with the land manager.
Where follow up inspections reveal continued non-compliance, Council may issue a
Biosecurity Order, Enter and Clear Notice or Penalty Infringement Notice when voluntary and
assisted options have not met the required outcomes. However, in most situations Council
officers can negotiate acceptable solutions with land managers that ensure biosecurity
obligations are complied with in a reasonable and practical manner. Monitoring plans are
developed to assess progress towards the management objective.
Figure 7.1 Decision tool for incoming reports and biosecurity compliance
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8. Implementation
Partnerships
A collaborative approach to managing biosecurity risks is key to the successful implementation
of the Noosa Biosecurity Plan. This is facilitated through knowledge sharing, cooperation and
partnerships with landholders, state agencies, traditional owners (Kabi Kabi), researchers,
industry, community groups, environmental businesses and the local community (see Table
8.1).
The Biosecurity Plan guides Council’s activities for biosecurity matters on Council-controlled
land, and Council may notify and work with private landowners and work with other government
agencies to manage biosecurity matters on their land. The responsibility, action and costs of
biosecurity management is shared by all.
Table 8.1. Partnerships and involvement in biosecurity management
Partner Involvement
State agencies - coordinated by Research, prohibited species responses, awareness,
Department of Agriculture and education and extension programs, technical advice,
Fisheries legislation and compliance, land management on state lands
Noosa Council Invasive plant and animal response, awareness, education
and extension programs, strategies, plans and compliance
actions, coordination of collaborative management, on-
ground invasive species management on council lands.
Adjoining local governments Cross-boundary invasive species management and
(Sunshine Coast Council, Gympie coordination, information sharing and support.
Regional Council)
Landowners, land managers, Kabi Management practices to meet general biosecurity
Kabi traditional owners/rangers, utility obligations, property and area-based biosecurity planning,
managers pest plant identification and mapping, pest animal
population monitoring, recording of feral animal impacts on
threatened species, pest plant and animal control, sharing
knowledge
Local community and environment Contribute to regional planning processes, community level
groups awareness and education, technical advice, land manager
(eg. N&DLC, MRCCC, BMRG, NBRF, engagement and extension
NPA)
Industry and farmers groups Industry-level biosecurity planning, awareness and
education to members and stakeholders.
Community Bushcare volunteers Volunteer support in weed removal on council owned land.
Research institutions Conduct collaborative research, inform science-based
management, develop surveillance tools and methods,
provide knowledge and guidance
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Implementation Actions
Managing invasive plants and animals is a priority activity in building catchment healthy and
resilient and productive landscapes across Noosa. Integrated management strategies are
implemented that combine various control methods such as early detection, biological control,
physical and mechanical removal, and targeted chemical treatment, as well as information
sharing and education.
A summary of implementation actions is provided in Table 8.2 outlining the management
actions that Council is progressing to meet its general biosecurity obligations in partnership
with state government, community, land managers and others. These are coordinated under
the following priority areas:
• Research and monitoring
• Planning
• Community capacity building
• On ground works.
Table 8.2. Summary of Implementation Actions
Action Partnerships Status Timing /
Existing / new in resourcing
initiative Commencement year/
ongoing action/
budget needs
Research and monitoring
Monitor changes in pest species Researchers Existing, with Ongoing
abundance and distribution using survey Environment groups potential
data, remote sensing (eg. satellite, aerial, Gov agencies expansion
drones), AI learning and emerging Industry bodies
diagnostic technology.
Continue to collate, analyse and Land managers Existing Ongoing
communicate existing research into the Environment groups
timing of breeding cycles of priority Industry bodies
species to help target invasive species
control (eg. fox control for sea turtle
conservation).
Planning
Continue to build knowledge around Existing Ongoing
climate change pressures and
interventions in program planning, design
and delivery.
Identify key habitat areas and ecological Existing Ongoing
communities most impacted by invasive
species to enable targeted management.
Provide mapping of the locations of Land managers Ongoing
threatened species and their habitat to Environment groups
relevant stakeholders to inform strategic Industry groups
on-ground management and community Researchers
action, including private landholders.
Offer incentives to encourage Landholders Existing Ongoing
landholders with known or potential Environment Grant
habitat for priority native species whose funded multi-year
major threat is pests, to implement
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appropriate weed and animal control for collaborative (MEC)
these species. projects
Develop training and resources and work New initiative Year 2.
with Council departments and Subject to
contractors to instil good weed hygiene resources
practices.
Develop a standard operating procedure LDMG New initiative Subject to
(SOP) to guide emergency response for State agencies resources
major biosecurity events where the LDMG
is called on by state agencies to assist
with control (eg H5 Avian Influenza, Foot
and Mouth, African swine)
Create a central data management New initiative Subject to
system to collate and share pest resources
information and for inputting into other
state and national datasets. Collate
existing data using CRMs, DAs, ERPs,
BOAs, LFW, VCAs, focusing on habitat
areas and key species).
Community capacity building
Raise community awareness of priority Landholders Existing Ongoing
invasive species through environmental Community groups
events (eg. Noosa Show), Council’s
website, LfW, Bushcare networks, Urban
Wildlife Gardens and other organisations
(eg. Country Noosa, Landcare, MRCCC).
Initiate targeted education of market Market stallholders New initiative Subject to funding
sellers and smaller nurseries regarding Nurseries or via Environment
the sale of invasive plants, such as Grant program
Asparagus Fern (Asparagus aethiopicus
cv. Sprengeri and Asparagus africans)
and Balsam (Impatiens walleriana), at
markets, fetes and roadside stalls.
Target a media campaign on a particular Householders New initiative Subject to funding
weed. e.g. A garden escapee - Singapore or via Environment
Daisy (Sphagneticola trilobata), Mile A Grant program
Minute (Ipomoea cairica), Broad Leaf
Pepper Tree (Schinus terebinthifolia),
Easter Cassia (Senna pendula var.
glabrata), and Asparagus Fern, where
householders are the main contributor, to
highlight the impact of the weed species
on several relevant threatened species
(i.e. beneficial to Whipstick Wattle and
the Wallum Froglet.
Work with local laws to increase Animal owners New initiative Subject to
community awareness of the impact of Local laws resources
cats and dogs. This may include media
releases, publications, bell/cat collar
giveaways or other incentives.
On-ground works
a) Invasive plant control
Continue to undertake targeted weed Existing, with Ongoing.
control on Council bushland reserves potential Expansion subject
where threatened species and their expansion to resources
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habitat occur and weeds are a major
threat to those species.
Encourage and partner with land Land managers Existing Ongoing
managers with known or potential habitat
for threatened species to implement
appropriate weed control for these
species. (eg. Control of invasive vines
such as Cat's Claw Creeper, Morning
Glory, Madeira vine and Lantana which
smother and degrade habitat to protect
species such as the Richmond Birdwing
Butterfly, Giant Barred Frog, Coxen's Fig-
parrot.
Implement weed management along Lake New initiative Year 1.
Flat Rd, Johns Landing and other known Subject to
sites to protect Bacon Wood resources
(Archidendron lovelliae) populations.
b) Animal control
Work with Council’s waste team to Existing Ongoing
ensure waste disposal areas (which
attract foxes) near known or potential
habitats for priority species are managed
to minimise opportunities for foxes to
shelter, hunt and scavenge (eg. trail
monitoring, baiting and trapping).
Target pig control to protected areas that Existing, Ongoing
have overlapping populations of potential
threatened species (eg. Lesser Swamp expansion
Orchid and Water Mouse.
Target feral dog and cat control to areas Existing, Ongoing
of, or neighbouring, known priority native potential
species habitat (eg. Black Breasted expansion
Button Quails, Ground Parrots and
Koalas.
Investigate the reported effectiveness of Environment groups New initiative Year 3.
bounties for toad control and regular Rangers Subject to funding
community-based toad busting activities Landholders or via Environment
targeting removal around sensitive Grant program
habitats, high value natural areas, and
wetlands.
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9. Invasive Species List
Prohibited invasive plants – Schedule 1, Part 3 Biosecurity Act 2014
(WONS – Weeds of National Significance)
acacias non-indigenous to Australia (Acaciella spp., Mariosousa spp., Senegalia spp. and Vachellia
spp. other than Vachellia nilotica, Vachellia farnesiana)
anchored water hyacinth (Eichhornia azurea)
annual thunbergia (Thunbergia annua)
bitterweed (Helenium amarum)
candleberry myrtle (Morella faya)
cholla cactus (Cylindropuntia spp. and hybrids other than C. fulgida, C. imbricata, C. prolifera, C.
rosea, C. spinosior and C. tunicata) WONS
Christ’s thorn (Ziziphus spina-christi)
Eurasian water milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum)
fanworts (Cabomba spp. other than C. caroliniana)
floating water chestnuts (Trapa spp.)
harrisia cactus (Harrisia spp. syn. Eriocereus spp. other than H. martinii, H. tortuosa and H.
pomanensis syn. Cereus pomanensis)
honey locust (Gleditsia spp. other than G. triacanthos)
horsetails (Equisetum spp.)
kochia (Bassia scoparia syn. Kochia scoparia)
lagarosiphon (Lagarosiphon major)
mesquites (all Prosopis spp. and hybrids other than P. glandulosa, P. pallida and P. velutina)
WONS
Mexican bean tree (all Cecropia spp. other than C. pachystachya, C. palmata and C. peltata)
miconia (Miconia spp. other than M. calvescens, M. cionotricha, M. nervosa and M. racemosa)
mikania (Mikania spp. other than M. micrantha)
Peruvian primrose bush (Ludwigia peruviana)
Prickly pear (Opuntia spp. other than O. aurantiaca, O. elata, O. ficus-indica, O. microdasys, O.
monacantha, O. stricta, O. streptacantha and O. tomentosa)
red sesbania (Sesbania punicea)
salvinias (Salvinia spp. other than S. molesta) WONS
serrated tussock (Nassella trichotoma) WONS
Siam weed (Chromolaena spp. other than C. odorata and C. squalida)
spiked pepper (Piper aduncum)
Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum)
water soldiers (Stratiotes aloides)
witch weeds (Striga spp. other than native species)
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Prohibited invasive animals - Schedule 1, Part 4 Biosecurity Act 2014
All amphibians, mammals and reptiles other than the following —
amphibians, mammals and reptiles that are restricted matter
amphibians, mammals and reptiles indigenous to Australia, including marine mammals of the
orders Cetacea, Pinnipedia and Sirenia
alpaca (Lama pacos)
asian house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus)
axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum)
bison or American buffalo (Bison bison)
black rat (Rattus rattus)
camel (Camelus dromedarius)
cane toad (Rhinella marina syn. Bufo marinus)
cat (Felis catus and Prionailurus bengalensis x Felis catus)
cattle (Bos spp.)
chital (axis) deer (Axis axis)
dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
donkey (Equus asinus)
European hare (Lepus europaeus)
fallow deer (Dama dama)
goat (Capra hircus)
guanicoe (Lama guanicoe)
guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)
horse (Equus caballus)
house mouse (Mus musculus)
llama (Lama glama)
mule (Equus caballus x Equus asinus)
pig (Sus scrofa)
red deer (Cervus elaphus)
rusa deer (Rusa timorensis syn. Cervus timorensis)
sewer rat (Rattus norvegicus)
sheep (Ovis aries)
water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
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Restricted species & management categories – Part 2, Schedule 2 Biosecurity Act 2014
Grey highlight – Recorded in Noosa Shire.
Yellow highlight – In adjoining Shire but not in Noosa yet
WONS – Weeds of National Significance
Invasive plants Category
African boxthorn (Lycium ferocissimum) WONS 3
African fountain grass (Cenchrus setaceum) 3
African tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata) 3
alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) WONS 3
annual ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) 3
asparagus fern (Asparagus aethiopicus, A. africanus and A. plumosus) WONS 3
asparagus fern (Asparagus scandens) WONS 3
athel pine (Tamarix aphylla) WONS 3
badhara bush (Gmelina elliptica) 3
balloon vine (Cardiospermum grandiflorum) 3
belly-ache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia and hybrids) WONS 3
bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundifolia) WONS 2,3,4,5
blackberry (Rubus anglocandicans, Rubus fruticosus aggregate) WONS 3
boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera) WONS 2,3,4,5
bridal creeper (Asparagus asparagoides) 2,3,4,5
bridal veil (Asparagus declinatus) 3
broad-leaved pepper tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) 3
cabomba (Cabomba caroliniana) WONS 3
camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) 3
candyleaf (Stevia ovata) 3
cane cactus (Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica) 3
cat’s claw creeper (Dolichandra unguis-cati) WONS 3
Chilean needle grass (Nassella neesiana) WONS 3
chinee apple (Ziziphus mauritiana) 3
Chinese celtis (Celtis sinensis) 3
cholla cacti with the following names—
• coral cactus (Cylindropuntia fulgida) 3
• devil’s rope pear (C. imbricata) 3
• Hudson pear (Cylindropuntia rosea and C. tunicata) 2,3,4,5
• jumping cholla (C. prolifera) 2,3,4,5
• snake cactus (C. spinosior) 3
Dutchman’s pipe (Aristolochia spp. other than native species) 3
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elephant ear vine (Argyreia nervosa) 3
Eve’s pin cactus (Austrocylindropuntia subulata) 3
fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis) WONS 3
flax-leaf broom (Genista linifolia) WONS 3
gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus) WONS 3
giant sensitive plant (Mimosa diplotricha var. diplotricha) 3
gorse (Ulex europaeus) WONS 3
groundsel bush (Baccharis halimifolia) 3
harrisia cactus (Harrisia martinii, H. tortuosa and H. pomanensis syn. Cereus 3
pomanensis)
harungana (Harungana madagascariensis) 3
honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos including cultivars and varieties) 3
hygrophila (Hygrophila costata) 3
hymenachne or olive hymenachne (Hymenachne amplexicaulis and hybrids) WONS 3
Koster’s curse (Clidemia hirta) 2,3,4,5
Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata syn. P. lobata, P. triloba other than in the Torres Strait 3
Islands)
lantanas—
• creeping lantana (Lantana montevidensis) 3
• lantana, common lantana (Lantana camara) WONS 3
limnocharis, yellow burrhead (Limnocharis flava) 2,3,4,5
Madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia) WONS 3
Madras thorn (Pithecellobium dulce) 2,3,4,5
mesquites—
• honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) WONS 3
• mesquite or algarroba (Prosopis pallida) WONS 3
• Quilpie mesquite (Prosopis velutina) WONS 3
Mexican bean tree (Cecropia pachystachya, C. palmata and C. peltata) 2,3,4,5
Mexican feather grass (Nassella tenuissima) 2,3,4,5
miconia with the following names—
• Miconia calvescens 2,3,4,5
• M. cionotricha 2,3,4,5
• M. nervosa 2,3,4,5
• M. racemosa 2,3,4,5
Mikania vine (Mikania micrantha) 2,3,4,5
Mimosa pigra (Mimosa pigra) WONS 2,3,4,5
Montpellier broom (Genista monspessulana) WONS 3
mother of millions (Bryophyllu delagoense syn B. tubiflorum, Kalanchoe delagoensis) 3
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mother of millions hybrid (Bryophyllum x houghtonii) 3
ornamental gingers—
• Kahili ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum) 3
• white ginger (H. coronarium) 3
• yellow ginger (H. flavescens) 3
parkinsonia (Parkinsonia aculeata) WONS 3
Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) WONS 3
pond apple (Annona glabra) WONS 3
prickly acacia (Vachellia nilotica) WONS 3
prickly pears—
• bunny ears (Opuntia microdasys) WONS 2,3,4,5
• common pest pear, spiny pest pear (O. stricta syn. O. inermis) WONS 3
• drooping tree pear (O. monacantha syn. O. vulgaris) WONS 3
• prickly pear (O. elata) WONS 2,3,4,5
• tiger pear (O. aurantiaca) WONS 3
• velvety tree pear (O. tomentosa) WONS 3
• Westwood pear (O. streptacantha) WONS 3
privets—
• broad-leaf privet, tree privet (Ligustrum lucidum) 3
• small-leaf privet, Chinese privet (L. sinense) 3
rat’s tail grasses—
• American rat’s tail grass (Sporobolus jacquemontii) 3
• giant Parramatta grass (S. fertilis) 3
• giant rat’s tail grass (S. pyramidalis and S. natalensis) 3
rubber vines—
• ornamental rubber vine (Cryptostegia madagascariensis) 3
• rubber vine (C. grandiflora) WONS 3
sagittaria (Sagittaria platyphylla) WONS 3
salvinia (Salvinia molesta) WONS 3
Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) WONS 3
Senegal tea (Gymnocoronis spilanthoides) 3
Siam weed with the following names—
• Chromolaena odorata 3
• C. squalida 3
sicklepods—
• foetid cassia (Senna tora) 3
• hairy cassia (S. hirsuta) 3
• sicklepod (S. obtusifolia) 3
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silver-leaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) 3
Singapore daisy (Sphagneticola trilobata syn. Wedelia trilobata) 3
telegraph weed (Heterotheca grandiflora) 3
thunbergia (Thunbergia grandiflora syn. T. laurifolia) 3
tobacco weed (Elephantopus mollis) 3
water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) WONS 3
water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) 3
water mimosa (Neptunia oleracea and N. Plena) 2,3,4,5
willows (all Salix spp. other an S. babylonica, S. x calodendron and S. x reichardtii) WONS 3
yellow bells (Tecoma stans) 3
Yellow oleander, Captain Cook tree (Cascabela thevetia syn. Theyetia peruviana 3
Invasive animals
barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) 2,3,4,5,6
blackbuck antelope (Antilope cervicapra) 2,3,4,5,6
Cat (Felis catus and Prionailurus b engalensis x Felis catus), other than a domestic cat 3,4, 6
dingo (Canis lupus dingo) 3,4,5,6
dog (Canis lupus familiaris), other than a domestic dog 3,4,6
European fox (Vulpes vulpes) 3,4,5,6
European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 3,4,5,6
feral chital (axis) deer (Axis axis) 3,4,6
feral fallow deer (Dama dama) 3,4,6
feral goat (Capra hircus) 3,4,6
feral pig (Sus scrofa) 3,4,6
feral red deer (Cervus elaphus) 3,4,6
hog deer (Axis porcinus) 2,3,4,5,6
red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) 2,3,4,5,6
feral rusa deer (Rusa timorensis, syn. Cervus timorensis) 3,4,6
sambar deer (Rusa unicolor, syn. Cervus unicolor) 2,3,4,5,6
Tramp ants
yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) 3
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10. Useful Resources
Biosecurity Qld: https://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/biosecurity - Information and fact
sheets on invasive species identification and management.
CSIRO AdaptNRM: Tools and resources to help manage weeds under a changing climate
https://adaptnrm.csiro.au/
Grow Me Instead: http://www.growmeinstead.com.au/ - Initiative of Nursery & Garden Industry
Australia for invasive urban plants and suggested alternatives.
iNaturalist Australia: https://inaturalist.ala.org.au/ - Nature app helps identifying plants and animals
and recording and sharing observations with fellow naturalists. Information gathered contributes to
the Atlas of Living Australia.
Invasive plants dashboard: https://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/biosecurity/invasive-plants-
animals/pest-mapping/dashboard-invasive-plants can be used to visualise the spread of restricted
and emerging plant species in Queensland including known distribution and climate suitability.
Invasive Species Compendium: https://ckan.cabi.org/data/dataset/invasive-species-compendium -
Data and resources on invasive plants and animal species including identification, distribution,
impacts, biology and ecology.
Invasive Species Council: https://invasives.org.au/ - Not-for-profit aimed at protecting Australia’s
natural environment from pest species through stronger laws, policies and programs. Research and
resources including information related to the impacts of invasive species and climate change.
Noosa Coast Care: https://mbba.org.au/our-worst-weeds/ - Information on the worse environmental
weeds.
Noosa & District Landcare https://noosalandcare.org/ - Not-for-profit organisation supporting land
restoration and conservation in Noosa Shire and provides various ecological services to the
community.
Noosa Council: https://www.noosa.qld.gov.au/Environment-and-Waste/Environment/Biosecurity-
plan/Priority-weeds-and-pests - Information about Council’s invasive species program and the
Noosa Shire Biosecurity Plan.
Noosa Native Plants http://noosasnativeplants.com.au – Descriptions and photos of native plants in
Noosa Shire.
Noosa Parks Association-Botany Group: https://noosaparks.org.au/botany-group/ - Details of botany
group activities.
Pest Smart: https://pestsmart.org.au/ - Information and resources on how to plan, manage and
improve pest animal control.
Queensland Herbarium: https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/plants-
animals/plants/herbarium/identify-specimens - Free plant identification service to the public, as well
as other resources and publications.
Weeds Australia: https://weeds.org.au/identify/ - Online weed identification resource and ID tool with
profiles for around 400 weed species including distribution
Weed Futures: http://weedfutures.net/ - Profiles for over 7900 weed species and assesses threats
through habitat suitability modelling for current and future climate scenarios.
Weeds of the Sunshine Coast https://noosariver.com.au/weeds-of-the-sunshine-coast/ -
Photographs and information of plants, flowers, fruit and growth habitats to assist with weed plant ID.
Weed Spotters Network Queensland: https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/plants-
animals/plants/herbarium/weeds/weed-spotters - Information on the program and its role in
detecting and recording new and emerging weed threats, and how to join and be involved.
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11. References
Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (2021). Australia
State of Environment 2021: Invasive species and range shifts due to climate change.
https://soe.dcceew.gov.au/overview/pressures/invasive-species-and-range-shifts
CSIRO AdaptNRM (2014). Weeds and Climate Change: Supporting Weed Management
Adaptation. https://adaptnrm.csiro.au/invasive-plants-climate-change/
Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (2024). Queensland Invasive Plant and Animals
Strategy 2025-2030. Queensland Government. era.dpi.qld.gov.au/id/eprint/14056/1/qld-
invasive-plants-animals-strategy.pdf
Department of Environment and Science (2019). Climate Change in Queensland. Brisbane,
Australia. https://www.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0023/68126/queensland-climate-
change-impact-summary.pdf
Invasive Species Council (2024). Protecting Queensland from invasive species. ISC_QLD_Doc-
1-1-1.pdf
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (2023).
Summary for Policymakers of the Thematic Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and
their Control. Bonn, Germany. https://www.ipbes.dk/wp-
content/uploads/2023/09/Invasive_Alien_Species_SPM.pdf
Queensland Government. Biosecurity Act 2014. State of Queensland.
https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/pdf/inforce/current/act-2014-007
Noosa and District Landcare (2021). Six Mile Creek Cats Claw Creeper Management Strategy
2021-2026.
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