Crilley 2014_Identification of the sources of primary organic aerosols a...

Table 3

Average concentrations (in ng m~°) of selected hopanes and polar organic compounds along with calculated values for the alkanes at each school with average of EC and OC (in wg m~*). Abbreviat

ms of compound names are

  

given in parenthesis. CPI is defined as the ratio of the sum concentration of odd- to even-carbon numbered n-alkanes. Uncertainties are 1 standard deviation. <DL indicates below the detection

 

$25
6.1

S24
5.9
1.6

$23
37
0.9

$22

9.3

$21
7.9
15

S18 S19 $20

3.1

S17
5.6
17

S16
5.6
18

S15
6.2

Molecule

 

1.14
0.8

10.2
0.8

n-alkanes

CPI

19

1.2

0.7

2.8

Cmax

0.2 + 0.2
0.14 0.1

0.1 + 0.09
0.09 + 0.07
0.06 + 0.07
0.05 + 0.06
7.8463
<DL

<DL

0.1 + 0.06
0.2 + 0.03

0.2 + 0.03

0.03 + 0.05
0.03 + 0.05
0.03 + 0.04
0.03 + 0.04
41424
<DL

<DL

10+ 0.4
1340.6
0.7404
0.8 + 0.4
3441.7
8844.1

1.0 + 0.7
10405
0.7404
0540.3

<DL

0.9408
1141.0
0540.4
04404
0.6 + 0.4

<DL

0.8 + 04
0.5 + 0.2

0.7 +0.1

1.0 + 0.7
0.9 + 0.7
DL
DL

170(H),21B(H)-30-norhopane (29ab)

7a(H),21B(H)-hopane (30ab)

0.1 + 0.04
0.07 + 0.03
0.06 + 0.01
3441.0

0.6 + 0.02

0.07 + 0.06
0.06 + 0.06
5.3444
<DL

<DL

0.1 + 0.03
0.09 + 0.03
6.9431
<DL

<DL

DL

DL
0.7 + 1.2
44414
5.14 62

<DL

DL

DL
0.6 + 0.2
2.7438
6.9 + 46

<DL

7a(H),21B(H)-22S-homohopane (31abS)

17a(H),21B(H)-22R-homohopane (31abR)

Cholesterol

1.9 + 1.0

<DL
<DL

4549.1

34.1 + 25.8
6.2412
<DL

Dehydroabietic acid (DHAA)

17 4 15.9 14417

<DL

2.9419
<DL

Dehydroabietic acid methylester (DHAAM)

Mannosan

3.7423 0.2405 2.7416 43438

0140.14

Crilley et al. / Environmental Pollution 191 (2014) 158—165

98.7 + 84.1
0.73 + 0.13
3.51 + 0.19

130 + 67.9

86.2 + 67.5
0.67 + 0.29
1.81 + 0.66

98.3 + 36.8
1.14 + 0.33
2.25 + 1.10

45.7473 48 +172

12.8441
0.48 + 0.06
2.43 + 0.42

29.5 + 21.2
0.28 + 0.24

19.2 + 18.8
0.40 + 0.37
2.07 + 0.71

DL
0.53 + 0.04
2.04 + 0.52

44.6 + 303
0.38 + 0.11
3.03 + 0.56

Levoglucosan

0.39 + 0.12
3.01 + 0.71

0.20 + 0.10
0.62 + 0.60

0.84 + 0.40
2.18 + 0.86

Elemental carbon (EC)
Organic carbon (OC)

1.89 + 0.60

 

161

 

 

 

 

 

25
WE Summer
[23 Winter
204
Ee
P1584
©
S
©
§ 104
8
e
&
3
054
0.04
DHOMKNMYTHOKRHOSRO- AMNYTHO
S2RRNRRAKKRARABRHKBSABS
eoOO OOO OOOO OOOO OOOO oO

Fig. 1. Average summer (n = 23) and winter (n = 20) concentrations of the measured
n-alkanes. Variability shown is one standard deviation of the average.

homohopanes were detected, the HHI ranged from 0.5—0.6, indi-
cating vehicle emissions as the source. This was expected as very
little coal and oil burning for domestic heating occurs in Brisbane
and this may explain why the other targeted hopanes were below
the detection limit of majority samples (See Fig. 2). The hopane
concentrations were observed to be higher at the schools sampled
in summer (S15—20, See Table 3 for selected hopanes) and is the
reverse of what was previously observed in Europe (Schnelle-Kreis
et al., 2005). This was likely to be to the lower emissions of hopanes
from coal burning as well as the observed increased contribution
from vehicle emissions at the schools sampled in summer. There-
fore, based on the hopanes detected the main source of fossil fuel
combustion at the schools was vehicle emissions.

3.3.3. Biomass burning tracers

A number of biomass burning tracer compounds were detected
in this study, and include the anhydrous sugars; levoglucosan,
galactosan, mannosan (Qadir et al., 2013; Robinson et al., 2006a;
Simoneit, 2002) and the resin acids DHAA and DHAA-ME (Rogge

1.2

 

1.0 4

0.85

0.6 4

0.45

Concentration (ng m°)

0.25

0.0 T T T T i

Ts Tm

 

 

 

AA tb

27b 29ab 29ba 30ab 30ba 31abS 31abR32abS 32abR:

Fig. 2. Average concentration of analyzed hopanes across all schools. Variability shown
is one standard deviation of the average. Note the following abbreviations used not
described in the text: Ts (18a(H)-22,29,30-trisnorneohopane), Tm (17a(H)-22,29,30-
trisnorhopane), 27b (17B(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane), 30ba (17$(H),21(H)-hopane),
32abS —(17a(H),21P(H)-22S-bishomohopane) and 32abR  (170(H),21B(H)-22R-
bishomohopane).