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•     Earthworks quality testing will be required on this site. The GTA will need to provide
      supervision in accordance with AS3798 and undertake field density tests to monitor the
      actual dry density and moisture content of placed materials.
•     Completed platforms should be sealed with a minimum 250 mm layer of relatively
      granular material (CBR15% or greater) to minimise the effects of relatively clayey
      subgrades drying out leading to excessive cracking.
•     Earthworks activities should be undertaken in relatively homogenous sequences where
      achievable (ie. do not place “pockets” of gravel material next to impermeable clays as this
      will lead to zones where water could become trapped).
•     Fill material will be subject to potential settlement post placement. Well compacted fill
      placed in accordance with AS3798 and otherwise, good earthworks procedure should
      typically be subject to settlement in the order of 0.5% to 1.0% of the fill thickness over a
      log cycle of time.

Arcos can assist in preparing earthworks documentation or guidelines for contractors to
adhere to in order to achieve an efficient and “fit for purpose” end product.

8.2 Retaining Structures
Retaining walls must be designed by a suitably qualified and experienced engineer and
preferably in accordance with AS 4678. The geotechnical parameters for use in design of either
flexible or rigid wall systems are presented in Table 2.


Passive forces should be ignored in areas where disturbance may occur (ie. future trenching
or earthworks processes).


Compaction for retaining wall backfill should be undertaken with due care. Layers should be
placed thinner than for normal earthworks processes (say a maximum layer thickness of
100 mm) and compacted using light weight equipment such as hand controlled compactive
equipment to minimise the stresses on the wall. If hand controlled equipment is not practical,
temporary wall propping will be required.


Walls will need to incorporate full height drainage in accordance with good design practice to
minimise hydrostatic pressure. The below parameters do not include surcharge loadings.


Table 2: Retaining Wall Parameters (Unfactored)
                                                Unit Weight         Friction Angle          Drained Cohesion
                 Material
                                                 (kN/m3)                  (Ø)                     (c’)

    Controlled fill*, stiff (or stronger)             19                   26                             2
Notes:    *-   residual clay under Level 1 conditions and behaves as clayey material
                  Compacted



09 Dec 2021                                                           Proposed Subdivision and Residence