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NOOSA COUNCIL
REFERENCE DOCUMENT
MCU25/0087
17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach –
Coastal Hazard Assessment
Client: Christian Seymour
Reference: 252662-MN-RP-CO-0001B
Date: 10 November 2025
Status: FINAL
Document Set ID: 24631530
Version: 1, Version Date: 24/03/2026
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Section 2
Document Verification
Project Name 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach
Client Christian Seymour
Client Reference -
Document Type Report
Document Title 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach – Coastal Hazard Assessment
Status FINAL
Reference 252662-MN-RP-CO-0001B
Date 10 November 2025
Revision Date Description/Notes Prepared Checked Approved
A 7/11/2025 Draft Guiliana Arismendiz Paul Prenzler
B 10/11/2025 Final Guiliana Arismendiz Paul Prenzler Paul Prenzler
Brisbane
Level 4, 80 Ann Street
Brisbane QLD 4000
ABN 12 673 928 848
www.moffattnichol.com
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Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................ 1
2 Site description............................................................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Development Proposal .......................................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Site Inspection ....................................................................................................................................... 2
2.3 Survey ................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.1 Dune Toe .......................................................................................................................................... 9
2.4 Geotechnical Investigation .................................................................................................................... 9
3 Historical aerial photography assessment.................................................................................................... 11
3.1 Satellite Imagery .................................................................................................................................. 15
4 Coastal Processes ....................................................................................................................................... 18
4.1 Tides and Storm Tide .......................................................................................................................... 18
4.1.1 Astronomical Tides .......................................................................................................................... 18
4.1.2 Sea Level Rise ................................................................................................................................ 18
4.1.3 Storm Tide....................................................................................................................................... 18
4.2 Wave Climate ...................................................................................................................................... 19
4.3 Sediment Transport ............................................................................................................................. 20
5 Erosion Prone Area ...................................................................................................................................... 21
5.1 Erosion Prone Area Assumptions ........................................................................................................ 21
5.2 Erosion Prone Area Reassessment..................................................................................................... 22
5.2.1 Long-term Erosion (N x R) .............................................................................................................. 22
5.2.2 Short-term Erosion (C) .................................................................................................................... 23
5.2.3 Recession due to Sea Level Rise (S) .............................................................................................. 27
5.2.4 Dune Slumping (D).......................................................................................................................... 28
5.2.5 Summary of the Erosion Prone Area Reassessment ...................................................................... 29
5.3 Comparison to BMT (2018) Assessment ............................................................................................. 31
5.3.1 Beach Profile ................................................................................................................................... 31
5.3.2 Depth of Closure ............................................................................................................................. 32
5.3.3 Dune of Toe .................................................................................................................................... 32
5.3.4 Active beach width and height......................................................................................................... 32
5.3.5 Dune height ..................................................................................................................................... 32
5.3.6 Sediment size.................................................................................................................................. 33
5.3.7 Storm Tide....................................................................................................................................... 33
5.3.8 Wave Height .................................................................................................................................... 34
5.3.9 Long-term erosion ........................................................................................................................... 34
5.3.10 Short-term erosion ...................................................................................................................... 34
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5.3.11 Shoreline recession due to sea level rise ................................................................................... 36
5.3.12 Dune Slumping ........................................................................................................................... 37
5.4 Comparison summary ......................................................................................................................... 37
6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 40
7 References ................................................................................................................................................... 41
Appendix A: Drawings of Proposed development .......................................................................................... 42
Appendix B: Erosion prone area plan – NOS3A ............................................................................................ 43
Appendix C: Survey data ................................................................................................................................ 44
Appendix D: Geotechnical investigation ......................................................................................................... 45
List of Figures
Figure 2-1 Site Location (aerial photograph dated 07 August 2025, Source: Nearmaps) ....................................... 2
Figure 2-2 Location of photographs taken during the site inspection ...................................................................... 4
Figure 2-3 Photograph P1 - The Esplanade local access road looking south towards the property ....................... 4
Figure 2-4 Photograph P2 - Existing building at 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach............................................ 5
Figure 2-5 Photograph P3 - Looking east from the frontage of 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach ..................... 5
Figure 2-6 Photograph P4 - Looking north from the frontage of 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach.................... 6
Figure 2-7 Photograph P5 - Typical composition and density of dune vegetation seaward of 17 The Esplanade,
Sunshine Beach ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 2-8 Photograph P6 - From the beach looking west towards 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach .............. 7
Figure 2-9 Photograph P7 - Frontal Dune looking north from the beach near 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach
................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Figure 2-10 Photograph P8 - Frontal Dune looking south from the beach near 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine
Beach ...................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 2-11 Photograph P9 - Photograph indicating the width of beach looking north towards Noosa Headland .. 8
Figure 2-12 Site Survey and Toe of Dune............................................................................................................... 9
Figure 3-1 Aerial Photograph 1972 (qimagery.information.qld.gov.au) ................................................................. 11
Figure 3-2 Aerial Photograph 1988 (qimagery.information.qld.gov.au) ................................................................. 12
Figure 3-3 Aerial Photograph 1994 (qimagery.information.qld.gov.au) ................................................................. 12
Figure 3-4 Aerial Photograph 1999 (qimagery.information.qld.gov.au) ................................................................. 13
Figure 3-5 Aerial Photograph 2004 (qimagery.information.qld.gov.au) ................................................................. 13
Figure 3-6 Aerial Photograph 2010 (qimagery.information.qld.gov.au) ................................................................. 14
Figure 3-7 Aerial Photograph 2014 (qimagery.information.qld.gov.au) ................................................................. 14
Figure 3-8 Aerial Photograph 2020 (qimagery.information.qld.gov.au) ................................................................. 15
Figure 3-9 DEA recession rates analysis near the site ......................................................................................... 16
Figure 3-10 DEA Annual Coastlines near the site ................................................................................................. 17
Figure 3-11 CoastSAT shoreline positions timeseries approximately 10m south of the site ................................. 17
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Figure 4-1: Wave Rose Sunshine Beach (BMT, 2013) ......................................................................................... 19
Figure 4-2: Offshore Significant Wave Height Design Curves (BMT, 2013).......................................................... 20
Figure 5-1 ETA 602 location in reference to 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach ............................................... 23
Figure 5-2: (Vellinga, 1983) shows a conceptual representation of the profiles of the erosion and accretion zones
associated with storm............................................................................................................................................ 24
Figure 5-3 Plant view of the 3 sections – 17 The Esplanade study area. ............................................................. 25
Figure 5-4 100-year ARI storm profile (Vellinga, 1983) at Section A-A ................................................................. 26
Figure 5-5 100-year ARI storm profile (Vellinga, 1983) at 17 The Esplanade - Section B-B ................................. 26
Figure 5-6 100-year ARI storm profile (Vellinga, 1983) at Section C-C................................................................. 27
Figure 5-7 Conceptualisation of recession due to sea level rise due to Bruun Rule (Bruun, 1962) ...................... 27
Figure 5-9 Dune slumping for 100-year ARI scenario for 17 The Esplanade ........................................................ 29
Figure 5-10 Erosion cut profile for 17 The Esplanade , Sunshine Beach.............................................................. 30
Figure 5-11 2100 Extend of the reassessed erosion prone area .......................................................................... 30
Figure 5-12 ETA 602 Beach profile and storm ETA 2100 ..................................................................................... 32
Figure 5-13 Dune heights and beach profile ......................................................................................................... 33
Figure 5-14 North Sea storm surge hydrograph (Vellinga,1983) .......................................................................... 33
Figure 5-15 conceptual illustration of the erosion prone area components (BMT, 2018) ...................................... 35
Figure 5-16 ETA596 Vellinga calculation (BMT, 2018) ......................................................................................... 35
Figure 5-17 ETA 602 Vellinga calculation (BMT, 2018) ........................................................................................ 36
Figure 5-18 Global mean sea level rise from2006 to 2100 determined by multi- model simulations (IPCC,2014) 36
List of Tables
Table 4-1 Noosa Head Tidal Planes (Maritime Safety Queensland, 2025) ........................................................... 18
Table 4-2 Adopted Storm Tide Levels (excluding wave setup) for Sunshine Beach (Aurecon, 2013) .................. 19
Table 5-2 Summary of Long-Term Recession Results from BMT (2018) ............................................................. 22
Table 5-3 Design Storm Events for Short-term Beach Erosion Assessment ........................................................ 25
Table 5-4 Predicted Short-Term Erosion-Sunshine Coast .................................................................................... 25
Table 5-5 Summary of Shoreline Recession due to Sea Level Rise..................................................................... 28
Table 5-6 Reassessed Erosion Prone Area for 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach........................................... 29
Table 5-7 Comparison of erosion prone area calculations parameters ................................................................. 31
Table 5-8: Comparison of erosion prone area components and width .................................................................. 31
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1 INTRODUCTION
Moffatt & Nichol (M&N) has been engaged by Christian Seymour, the owner of 17 The Esplanade
(Lot 678 on RP48111), Sunshine Beach to undertake a site-specific coastal hazard assessment.
It is proposed to demolish the existing residential building and construct a new residential building on
the site. The site is subject to coastal planning constraint layers, and this coastal hazard assessment
is required to address the assessment requirements of Noosa Shire Council.
The assessment reported herein provides a site-specific assessment of erosion hazard risk, including
a site-specific assessment of the erosion prone area width and an assessment of the beach erosion
likely to occur due to an extreme storm event. Accordingly, it provides an estimate of erosion
vulnerability along this section of beach and will be used to address the assessment criteria
considered by Noosa Shire Council. It should be noted that the reported erosion prone area is an
estimate of erosion vulnerability over a 100-year planning period and is based on a conservative
assessment methodology.
For this development application, an extreme event consisting of; a 100-year ARI storm tide level, sea
level rise of 0.8 metres and a 100-year ARI significant wave height has been adopted.
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2 SITE DESCRIPTION
The subject property (the site) is a 508 square metre residential property located at 17 The Esplanade
(Lot 678 on RP48111), Sunshine Beach, see Figure 2-1. The site is located at the crest of a high
foredune that slopes towards Sunshine Beach. The frontage of the site to The Esplanade is elevated
at approximately 24 metres above Australian Height Datum (AHD).
Sunshine Beach has an east-south-easterly aspect with exposure to waves from the north-east
through to south-east. The site is approximately 600 metres south of Noosa Headland which has a
significant influence on coastal processes and longshore sand transport along this section of
coastline.
Figure 2-1 Site Location (aerial photograph dated 07 August 2025, Source: Nearmaps)
2.1 Development Proposal
The subject property is currently occupied by an existing residential building. It is proposed to
demolish the existing building and construct a new residential building at the site, consistent with the
architectural drawings presented in Appendix A.
2.2 Site Inspection
A site inspection was undertaken by Paul Prenzler and Guiliana Arismendiz on 7th October 2025
(between 10am to 12:30pm) to observe site conditions and undertake field measurements of the
beach.
On the day of the site inspection:
Low tide of 0.17m occurred at 2:17am and 0.47m at 3:26pm;
High tide of 2.24m occurred at 8:56am and 1.52m at 9:05pm;
Waves were approximately 1m in height with a period of 8s from the east;
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17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach Report
No rainfall; and,
Winds were light (<6kts) from east to south-easterly direction.
The objective of the site inspection was to confirm the location of the ‘seaward toe of the frontal dune’
(toe of dune). The toe of dune was mapped using a handheld GPS to assist with determining the
erosion prone area width at the site. The location of the toe of dune was determined based on the
guidance provided in the ‘Coastal Hazards Technical Guide’ (Department of Environment and
Heritage Protection, 2013) and the notes of the erosion prone area plan NOS3A dated 8 July 2015
prepared by the Department of Environment and Science (refer Appendix B). Figure 2-2 shows the
mapped toe of dune (on 7th October 2025) along Sunshine Beach adjacent to the site.
Photographs P1-P9 taken during the site inspection were georeferenced with the locations shown in
Figure 2-2.
Photograph P1 (refer Figure 2-3) shows the access road at the southern end of The Esplanade,
leading towards the site. The Esplanade provides the only legal point of access to 17 The Esplanade
and neighbouring properties. The dunal area (left of photograph) is densely vegetated and has a
constructed beach access track to the beach.
Photographs P2 and P3 (refer Figure 2-4 and Figure 2-5) show the area surrounding the site. The
dwelling has direct frontage onto The Esplanade road. The vegetation between The Esplanade road
and the beach consists of a mix of low shrubs and mature trees that assist in stabilising the dune.
From this vantage point, the view seaward reveals the elevation difference between the property and
the beach level.
Photograph P4 (refer Figure 2-6) shows the local access road looking north along The Esplanade.
The vegetated dune east of the road (right of photograph) is shown in the right of the photograph.
Photograph P5 (refer Figure 2-7) shows a typical example of the dune vegetation composition and
density seaward of the site.
Photograph P6 (refer Figure 2-8) shows the vegetation and elevation change looking from the beach
west towards the site.
Photograph P7 (refer Figure 2-9) shows the frontal dune and toe of dune looking north from the
beach seaward of the site.
Photograph P8 (refer Figure 2-10) shows the frontal dune and toe of dune looking south seaward of
17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach.
Photograph P9 (refer Figure 2-11) taken from the middle of the beach shows the beach width and
general conditions on the day of the site inspection.
The site inspection undertaken on 7th October 2025 confirmed that dune system seaward of 17 The
Esplanade, Sunshine Beach is in a stable condition. The beach conditions indicated that Tropical
Cyclone Alfred in March 2025 had caused some beach erosion. However, the beach was actively
recovering with the frontal dune building with trapped wind-blown sand.
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Figure 2-2 Location of photographs taken during the site inspection
Figure 2-3 Photograph P1 - The Esplanade local access road looking south towards the property
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Figure 2-4 Photograph P2 - Existing building at 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach
Figure 2-5 Photograph P3 - Looking east from the frontage of 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach
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Figure 2-6 Photograph P4 - Looking north from the frontage of 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach
Figure 2-7 Photograph P5 - Typical composition and density of dune vegetation seaward of 17 The Esplanade,
Sunshine Beach
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Figure 2-8 Photograph P6 - From the beach looking west towards 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach
Approximate position of
toe of dune
Figure 2-9 Photograph P7 - Frontal Dune looking north from the beach near 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach
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Approximate position
of toe of dune
Figure 2-10 Photograph P8 - Frontal Dune looking south from the beach near 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine
Beach
Figure 2-11 Photograph P9 - Photograph indicating the width of beach looking north towards Noosa Headland
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2.3 Survey
Survey of the site and adjoining beach system was undertaken by Sandmap on the 30th September
2025. The survey is presented in Error! Reference source not found.
The survey by Sandmap has been supplemented with a Digital Elevation Model (ELVIS, 2024) for the
stable high dune areas.
2.3.1 Dune Toe
M&N have adopted a level of 2.3m AHD as the toe of the dune (refer Figure 2-12) based on
observations during the site inspection, analysis of aerial photography (Section 3) and detailed
survey in Appendix C.
The distance from the property boundary of the site to the toe of the frontal dune approximately 88m
(Figure 2-1).
Figure 2-12 Site Survey and Toe of Dune
2.4 Geotechnical Investigation
Tectonic Geotechnical Pty Ltd undertook site investigation on 9th September 2025 (refer Appendix
D). The site investigation consisted of two boreholes (i.e. BH1 and BH2 within the property) and three
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP1, DCP2 and DCP3) conducted across the dune towards the
beach.
Borehole BH1 was undertaken using a hand auger to a depth of 4m below ground level (Note: ground
level was reported at 24m AHD). Drilling was terminated upon refusal in very dense sand. The
material encounter to refusal depth was described as sand, ranging from fine to coarse-grained, grey
to brown in colour, with variable amounts of subrounded to subangular gravel. The sand was
generally of medium to low plasticity and exhibited dry to moist conditions at the time of investigation
(refer Appendix D).
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Borehole BH2 was also undertaken using a hand auger terminating at a depth of 3m below ground
level (Note: ground level was reported at 27m AHD). Is this case the borehole was completed at the
target depth. The subsurface profile consisted predominantly of fine to medium-grained sand,
becoming pale grey with depth. The material was generally loose to medium dense and in a dry to
moist condition at the time of the investigation (refer Appendix D).
All three DCP tests show a similar pattern, the upper layer is made up of loose to medium dense
sand, and as the depth increases, the sand becomes denser and stronger.
DCP1, located near the of the property, recorded low blow counts per 100mm from the surface to a
depth of 1.5m, indicating loose sand near the surface. From about 2m depth, the number of blows
increased to approximately 13, showing that the material becomes denser with depth. Similarly, DCP2
and DCP3, positioned closer to the beach and dune area, showed the same behaviour loose sand at
the surface gradually transitioning to dense sand below approximately 2m to 2.5m depth as shown in
Appendix D.
The geotechnical investigation indicates likely existence of indurated sand (i.e. coffee rock) beneath
the site and adjacent dune area. However, the spatial extent and thickness of the coffee rock layer
cannot be determined from the information available and will not be considered in the reassessment
of the erosion prone area. This is likely to provide an additional level of conservativism in this
assessment.
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3 HISTORICAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY ASSESSMENT
Aerial imagery has been examined to assess historical shifts in beach position at the site. Figure 3-1
to Figure 3-8 display aerial photographs taken in 1972, 1988, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2010, 2014 and
2020. The position of the toe of dune (7th October 2025) has been shown for comparison to the
shoreline position at the time of each image (estimated from the edge of vegetation).
The beach was significantly eroded in 1971 and 1974, attributed to a high frequency of tropical
cyclones impacting the south-eastern Queensland coastline in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The
1972 aerial photograph depicts the most severely eroded beach condition in the photographic record,
featuring exposed indurated sand (i.e. coffee rock) adjacent to the dune vegetation. Cyclone Alfred in
March 2025 caused minor beach erosion along this section of beach in comparison.
The geotechnical investigation (refer Section 2.4) indicates that an indurated sand layer was likely
encountered within the dunes. This indurated sand layer is likely above the level of Highest
Astronomical Tide and the 100 year ARI storm tide level (refer Section 4.1.1) and provides a potential
control to the extent of erosion at this site.
Between 1960 and 1979, the site was impacted by 18 tropical cyclones within 200km of the site,
followed by seven tropical cyclones between 1980 and 1999, and three since 2000. The decrease in
the number of tropical cyclones affecting the southeast Queensland region since 1980 is reflected in
the observed beach recovery during this period. From the 1981 photograph onwards the beach is
seen to be recovering to a relatively stable alignment.
However, the beach response to Tropical Cyclone Alfred (2025) shows that, while episodic erosion
events still occur, the shoreline has continued to demonstrate resilience, with the overall longshore
position remaining relatively unchanged since the period of recovery initiated in the 1980s.
Figure 3-1 Aerial Photograph 1972 (qimagery.information.qld.gov.au)
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Figure 3-2 Aerial Photograph 1988 (qimagery.information.qld.gov.au)
Figure 3-3 Aerial Photograph 1994 (qimagery.information.qld.gov.au)
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Figure 3-4 Aerial Photograph 1999 (qimagery.information.qld.gov.au)
Figure 3-5 Aerial Photograph 2004 (qimagery.information.qld.gov.au)
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Figure 3-6 Aerial Photograph 2010 (qimagery.information.qld.gov.au)
Figure 3-7 Aerial Photograph 2014 (qimagery.information.qld.gov.au)
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Figure 3-8 Aerial Photograph 2020 (qimagery.information.qld.gov.au)
3.1 Satellite Imagery
Satellite imagery can be used to determine shoreline position and behaviour from 30+ years of
satellite imagery. Satellite platforms include Landsat 5 (1984 - 2013), 7 (1999 - present), 8 (2013 -
present) and Sentinel-2 (2015 - present), with pixel resolution ranging between 10m and 15m and
image capture varying from 5 to 16 days.
Two independent tools have been developed to analyse satellite imagery, which are:
CoastSat, a Python tool that enables extraction of shoreline position from individual satellite
images at any coastline worldwide using sub-pixel extraction methods (Vos K., 2019). While
the horizontal errors for detected shoreline range have been reported to be between 7.3m and
12.7m Root Mean Square (RMSE) considering individual images, the bias of the data is much
lower (Vos K., 2019). As such, the temporal resolution of the data means that signals can be
discerned at seasonal and greater timescales.
Digital Earth Australia (DEA) is a tool to accurately map the boundary between land and water
(the ‘waterline’) (Bishop-Taylor. R., 2019). The tool uses the same sub-pixel extraction method
as CoastSat. However, DEA combines aerials to provide a single, annualised shoreline
position and is therefore suited to determining long-term trends.
Outputs from both DEA and CoastSat are available online, with key outputs for the coastline adjacent
to the site are provided in Figure 3-9 to Figure 3-10
Figure 3-9 from DEA indicates that the position of the shoreline in the immediate vicinity of the site
has prograded by approximately 0.4m annually (±0.3m at 95% confidence interval) and there has
been minimal progradation (less than ±0.1m/yr) reported at transects nearby to the south. This
indicates that the beach in front of the site is very stable. The shoreline position from the DEA dataset
in Figure 3-10 indicates that the beach has generally been stable from 1988 to the present (only
~35m of shoreline movement).
The CoastSat time series in Figure 3-11 indicates that the shoreline at this location was relatively
stable. Figure 3-11 indicates the shoreline fluctuated by approximately ±30m from the mean shoreline
position annually, some of which may be due to the RSME of the dataset. However, it is likely that
episodic recession and progradation would occur due to seasonal conditions.
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Care should be taken when analysing shoreline recession to ensure the data captures long-term
trends rather than annual or interdecadal variability.
Site
Figure 3-9 DEA recession rates analysis near the site
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Figure 3-10 DEA Annual Coastlines near the site
Figure 3-11 CoastSAT shoreline positions timeseries approximately 10m south of the site
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4 COASTAL PROCESSES
The coastal processes of interest to this investigation are water levels (including sea level rise
predictions), wave conditions, and sediment transport processes.
4.1 Tides and Storm Tide
The water levels of interest for a reassessment of the erosion prone area include the astronomical
tide, storm tide and the predicted rise in mean sea level associated with climate change. The following
sections describe the water levels adopted for the assessment.
4.1.1 Astronomical Tides
Sunshine Beach experiences semi-diurnal tides with a tidal range of 1.4m at spring tides. Table 4-1
presents the published tidal planes for Noosa Head (Maritime Safety Queensland, 2024) which are
considered consistent with conditions at Sunshine Beach, due to the proximity.
Table 4-1 Noosa Head Tidal Planes (Maritime Safety Queensland, 2025)
Tidal Plane Water Level Water Level
(m above LAT) (m AHD)
Highest Astronomical Tide 2.35 1.23
Mean High Water Spring 1.85 0.66
Mean High Water Neap 1.52 0.33
Mean Sea Level 1.15 -0.06
Mean Low Water Neap 0.79 -0.41
Mean Low Water Spring 0.45 -0.74
Lowest Astronomical Tide - -1.12
4.1.2 Sea Level Rise
The effects of climate change associated with emission of greenhouse gases has caused a rise in
mean sea level above pre-industrial levels, and sea levels are predicted to continue to rise into the
future. The Queensland Government has adopted a predicted sea level rise of 0.8m by the year 2100
above present day mean sea level. It is noted that (BMT, 2018) adopted the following sea level rise
allowances (above present day mean sea level) as part of phase 3 of the Coastal Hazard Adaptation
Strategy (CHAS):
0.2m by 2040;
0.5m by 2070; and,
0.8m by 2100.
The adopted sea level rise allowances are consistent with industry practice and will be used for this
assessment.
4.1.3 Storm Tide
Storm tide is the total water level associated with the combination of the normal astronomical tide and
the tidal surge from a storm event (e.g. tropical cyclone). There have been several previous storm tide
studies undertaken for the Sunshine Coast with the most recent being the ‘Sunshine Coast Storm
Tide Study’ (Aurecon, 2013). The design storm tide levels determined by (Aurecon, 2013) for the 100,
500 and 1000-year ARI events are presented in Table 4-2.
Noosa Shire Council has undertaken a broad-scale reassessment of coastal hazards from Peregian
Beach to Teewah Beach as part of the ‘Noosa Shire Council Coastal Hazards Risk, Vulnerability and
Adaptation Assessment’ (BMT, 2018).
As discussed in the introduction, a 100-year ARI storm tide level has been adopted for this
assessment, discussed further in Section 5.2.2.
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Table 4-2 Adopted Storm Tide Levels (excluding wave setup) for Sunshine Beach (Aurecon, 2013)
Return Period Current Climate Storm Tide Level
(years ARI) (m AHD)
100 1.74
500 1.84
1000 1.89
4.2 Wave Climate
The wave climate at Sunshine Beach is influenced by both locally wind-generated sea and ocean
swell. Sea describes wind generated waves where wind energy is still being transferred to the ocean.
Swell describes wind generated waves that have travelled out of their generating area. Swell
characteristically exhibits smoother, more regular, and uniform crests and a longer period than sea. In
open coastal areas sea waves generated by local winds are often superimposed on swell waves.
The wave climate for Sunshine Beach has been previously reported by BMT (2013) ‘Coastal
Processes Study for the Sunshine Coast’ prepared for the Sunshine Coast Regional Council. Wave
roses (BMT, 2013) indicate that the wave climate for Sunshine Beach is dominated by waves from the
east-southeast direction (refer Figure 4-1).
The design offshore significant wave heights for the Sunshine Coast have been previously published
by BMT (2013) refer (Figure 4-2). For this assessment a 100-year ARI offshore significant wave
height of 6.2m has been adopted to be consistent with the ‘Coastal Processes Study for the Sunshine
Coast’ prepared by BMT (2013).
Figure 4-1: Wave Rose Sunshine Beach (BMT, 2013)
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Figure 4-2: Offshore Significant Wave Height Design Curves (BMT, 2013)
4.3 Sediment Transport
Sand is transported over time in a net northerly direction along the Sunshine Coast, driven by the
prevailing south-easterly wave climate in a process known as littoral drift or longshore sediment
transport. The average longshore littoral transport rate at Sunshine Beach has previously been
estimated at 23,300 cubic metres annually (BMT, 2013).
Noosa Head, at the northern end of Sunshine Beach, is a control feature that influences sand
transport processes. The net northerly littoral transport of sand along Sunshine Beach is interrupted
by the headland which traps sand on the southern side (i.e. Sunshine Beach) until such time that the
beach to the south is effectively “full” at which point sediment bypassing of the headland will occur.
Noosa Head also provides protection to Sunshine Beach from waves from the northeast quadrant that
will be more prevalent during the summer cyclone season.
It is also likely that Noosa Head would assist with post-storm beach recovery of Sunshine Beach
through the trapping of net northerly littoral transport of sand and associated rebuilding of the beach
system towards a beach full state. The location of the site relative to Noosa Heads, and ongoing
littoral transport process, ensure that (in the absence of sea level rise) the foreshore at the site will
fluctuate within a steady state envelope of positions; subject to short term storm erosion events, but
long-term always accretes towards a beach full state controlled by the headland.
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5 EROSION PRONE AREA
The erosion prone areas identify land that may be vulnerable to coastal erosion or tidal inundation
over a 100-year planning period and are declared under section 70 of the Coastal Protection and
Management Act 1995.
The ‘Coastal Hazards Technical Guide’ (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, 2013)
provides guidance on the calculation of an erosion prone area. The erosion prone area width is based
on the following:
short-term erosion from extreme storm events (e.g. a tropical cyclone);
a dune scarp component to accommodate slumping of the erosion scarp following short-term
erosion;
long-term erosion associated with a deficit in sediment supply;
shoreline recession due to sea level rise; and
a 40% safety factor.
The erosion prone area is calculated using the following equation:
𝐸 = (𝑁 × 𝑅) + 𝐶 + 𝑆 × (1 + 𝐹) + 𝐷
Where:
𝐸 = Erosion Prone Area (metres)
𝑁 = Planning period (years)
𝑅 = rate of long-term erosion (metres/year)
𝐶 = short-term erosion from the design storm event (metres)
𝑆 = recession due to sea level rise (metres)
𝐹 = factor of safety (0.4)
𝐷 = Dune scarp component to allow for slumping of the erosion scarp (metres)
5.1 Erosion Prone Area Assumptions
The assessment of the erosion prone area is based on a number of assumptions associated with the
recommended assessment methodology. These assumptions include:
Storm events are of a sufficient duration to allow for development of a storm response beach
profile;
The characteristics of the beach sediment are uniform both across and through the beach profile;
the long-term erosion trend is independent of recession due to sea level rise.
There are no physical features along the beach that would influence longshore sediment
transport; and,
The beach has sufficient time to recover following a beach erosion event.
The above assumptions, combined with a 40% factor of safety, lead to a conservative assessment of
erosion vulnerability.
It is reasonable to apply a precautionary approach to erosion vulnerability assessment given
uncertainty regarding issues associated with sea level rise and storm events associated with climate
change impacts. However, it is important to note that the site is near Noosa Headland, benefiting from
the protective influence of this natural feature. Furthermore, Sunshine Beach features deposits of
indurated sand (i.e. coffee rock) located beneath the beach and dunes seaward of the properties.
Erosion in the early 1970s (refer Figure 3-1) exposed large areas of coffee rock across this section of
the beach which would slow erosion and contradict some of the above assumptions.
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5.2 Erosion Prone Area Reassessment
The declared erosion prone area for the Noosa Shire Council area is provided on Department of
Environment and Science Plan Number NOS3A dated 8 July 2015 (Appendix B). This shows an
erosion prone area width for Sunshine Beach (segment NOS001) of 175m measured inland from the
seaward toe of the frontal dune.
Noosa Shire Council has completed a Coastal Hazard Adaptation Study (CHAS) through the QCoast
2100 program. Phase 3 of the CHAS involved refining coastal hazard mapping, including
reassessment of the erosion prone area. The study was undertaken by BMT (2018). It should be
noted that the assessment by BMT (2018) was at a beach compartment scale and did not provide
site-specific estimation of erosion vulnerability The beach compartment which 17 The Esplanade,
Sunshine Beach falls in is based off survey data from ETA 602. It should be noted that this profile is
located 414m to the south of the property site and 1km to the south of Noosa Headland (refer Figure
5-1)
The following sections will review each component of the Erosion prone area based on site-specific
conditions.
5.2.1 Long-term Erosion (N x R)
The long-term erosion component is based on the selected planning period (N) and the average
annual rate of long-term erosion (R).
In relation to the planning period, the (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, 2013)
states, ‘The long-term erosion component (excluding sea level rise) of the calculation is often cyclical
in nature and typically of a decadal scale. For this reason, it is considered the estimated annual rate
of long-term erosion is only applied for a 50-year period’. Where there is no clear evidence of long-
term erosion trends, the Department recommends a nominal provision of 10 metres.
The annual rate of long-term erosion (R) reflects changes to sediment supply to a beach and where
there is a long-term deficit in sediment supply this results in a longer-term recession of the shoreline.
BMT (2018) has calculated a long-term erosion rate of 0.03 metres/year for Sunshine Coast at beach
profile line ETA 602, located approximately 1km south of Head Noosa. Table 5-1 provides a summary
of BMT (2018) estimated long-term erosion for 2040, 2070 and 2100.
Table 5-1 Summary of Long-Term Recession Results from BMT (2018)
Beach Survey Annual Recession Long-term Recession (m)
Profile Rate (m/year)
2040 (N=23) 2070 (N=53) 2100 (N=3)
Sunshine Beach ETA 602 0.03 0.7 1.6 2.5
The subject site is located approximately 586m south of Noosa Headland which plays a significant
role in sediment transport processes along this beach as discussed in Section 4.3. This is supported
by the analysis of aerial and satellite imagery presented in Section 3 which has shown recovery and
progradation of the beach adjacent to the site since severe storm event related erosion in the early
1970’s. Further, Section 3.1 highlights sensitivities associated with reporting intervals for long-term
recession and the need to select suitable start and end dates for any analysis, which are not
influenced by episodic erosion events.
Given the long-term stability of this section of coast a nominal 10m has been adopted in accordance
with the (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, 2013).
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Figure 5-1 ETA 602 location in relation to 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach and Noosa Headland
5.2.2 Short-term Erosion (C)
The Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (2013) recommends the calculation of short-
term erosion based on a 100-year ARI storm event using the method developed by Vellinga (1983).
The equation developed by (Vellinga, 1983) is as follows:
. .
7.6 7.6 𝑤 .
𝑦 = 0.47 𝑥 + 18 − 2.00
𝐻 𝐻 0.0268
Where:
𝐻 = Deep water significant wave height (metres)
𝑤 = Fall velocity of sand (metres/second)
𝑥 = The distance from the dune foot (metres)
𝑦 = Depth below storm surge (metres)
The relationship between sediment grain size and fall velocity has been derived from laboratory tests
and is given by the following equation (Vellinga, 1983):
1
log = 0.476(log 𝐷) + 2.18 log 𝐷 + 3.19
𝑤
Where:
𝑤 = Fall velocity of sand (metres/second) in still water of 10oC
𝐷 = The grain size of the sand (metres)
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Figure 5-2: (Vellinga, 1983) shows a conceptual representation of the profiles of the erosion and accretion zones
associated with storm.
The Department provides the following recommendation in relation to defining a storm event:
“For a tide-dominated coast where storm tide levels can be large, the parameters adopted
for the minimum design storm are:
Storm tide level corresponding to an average recurrence interval of 1-in-100 years: and,
Wave height for a moderate storm using the 1-in-20 year significant wave height (Hs).
However, for wave-dominated coastlines where extreme storm tide levels can be relatively
minor, such as the Gold Coast, the significant wave height and duration of the storm event
are major factors influencing short-term erosion, rather than storm tide. Hence it may be
necessary to consider a larger wave event (for example, a storm event with a 1-in-100 ARI)
and a moderate storm tide level. Decisions on appropriate parameters to be used must be
based on local conditions and the experience of the coastal engineer undertaking the
assessment.”
In relation to the probability of such an event occurring the (Department of Environment and Heritage
Protection, 2013) states:
“Although the abovementioned probability of occurrence may appear to be fairly high, it is
considered that this choice is reasonable when considered in conjunction with the method
used to determine erosion prone area widths. This method implies that the erosion prone
area has sufficient width to accommodate the design storm erosion in 100 years’ time,
when all of the estimated long-term erosion has occurred. Therefore, it also follows that for
much of the 100-year planning period, the erosion prone area is sufficient to accommodate
a larger storm than the one selected for design purposes. In fact, in the most critical last 10
years of such a planning period, there is only a 10% probability of occurrence of the design
storm. Thus, the risk of a storm breaching the entire erosion prone area at some time
during the 100-year period will be significantly less than 63%.”
This assessment has adopted a combination of a 100-year ARI Storm Tide level and 100-year ARI
significant wave height as the design storm event for the reassessment of erosion prone area. It
should be noted that the joint probability of a combined 100-year ARI storm tide and 100-year ARI
significant wave height is likely to be significantly greater than a 100-year ARI storm event. The
design parameters for the assessment of the short-term beach erosion are presented in Table 5-2.
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Table 5-2 Design Storm Events for Short-term Beach Erosion Assessment
Storm Component Storm Event 100-year ARI
Significant Wave Height 6.2m
Storm Tide 1.74m AHD
Sea Level Rise -
An assessment of the short-term erosion associated with the event presented in Table 5-2 was
undertaken for the surveyed beach profiles shown in Figure 2-12. The survey data was
supplemented with a Digital Elevation Model (ELVIS, 2024) for the stable high dune areas.
The profiles for the assessment have been labelled Sections A-A (500m south of the site), B-B (the
site) and C-C (500m north of the site) refer Figure 5-3.
The storm erosion profile has been derived from Vellinga (1983) based on the design wave and water
level presented in Table 5-2. The short-term erosion distance has been measured horizontally from
the current toe of the frontal dune to the base of the predicted erosion scarp. As discussed above in
Section 2.3.1 the current toe of frontal dune is 2.3m AHD which is higher than the design water level
1.74m AHD.
The average of the short-term erosion values for Sections A-A, B-B (the site), and C-C provides a
representative short-term erosion value for this compartment spanning 1km of Sunshine Beach.
Table 5-3 presents the predicted short-term erosion associated with the 100-year ARI design storm
event for the three profiles. This shows an average storm erosion cut of 17m is predicted to occur for
this section of Sunshine Beach. The storm cut profile for the three beach profile sections are shown in
Figure 5-4 (Section A-A), Figure 5-5 (Section B-B) and Figure 5-6 (Section C-C).
Figure 5-3 Plant view of the 3 sections – 17 The Esplanade study area.
Table 5-3 Predicted Short-Term Erosion-Sunshine Coast
Profile Short- Term
Erosion (m)
Section A-A 23
Section B-B (the site) 8
Section C-C 20
Average 17
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Figure 5-4 100-year ARI storm profile (Vellinga, 1983) at Section A-A
Figure 5-5 100-year ARI storm profile (Vellinga, 1983) at 17 The Esplanade - Section B-B
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Figure 5-6 100-year ARI storm profile (Vellinga, 1983) at Section C-C
5.2.3 Recession due to Sea Level Rise (S)
As discussed in Section 4.1.2, sea levels are predicted to rise in response to climate change and the
Queensland Government have adopted a sea level rise of 0.8 metres above present day mean sea
level by the year 2100. The ‘Coastal Hazards Technical Guide’ (Department of Environment and
Heritage Protection, 2013) requires the shoreline response to sea level rise be considered when
assessing erosion prone area widths. An industry standard practice for the assessment of shoreline
recession due to sea level rise is to apply the ‘Bruun Rule’ (Bruun, 1962) see Error! Reference source
not found..
Figure 5-7 Conceptualisation of recession due to sea level rise due to Bruun Rule (Bruun, 1962)
The Bruun Rule assumes an equilibrium beach profile is maintained with rising sea level resulting in
an elevation and landward movement of the beach profile, as shown in Error! Reference source not
found.. The Bruun Rule is given by:
𝑟=
Where:
𝑟 = Shoreline recession due to sea level rise (m)
𝐵 = Horizontal distance of the active beach profile (m)
𝑎 = Rise in mean sea level (m)
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𝐷 = Vertical height of the active beach profile (m)
The Bruun Rule assumes that:
the beach and dune consist of a uniform and loose sand material. It cannot be applied to rocky
headlands;
the beach responds to an elevated sea level such that an equilibrium profile is always attained;
the beach is stable in the long-term (i.e. there is no net accretion or recession). Gradients in
longshore sediment transport are ignored; and,
all the eroded sediment is redistributed along the profile in the cross-shore direction.
The geotechnical investigation, supported by aerial photography from 1972, has shown the underlying
soil profile within the dune system may include indurated sand layers (i.e., coffee rock), which may
slow recession rates. Further, as discussed in Section 4.3, net northerly sediment transport is
observed along this section of the coastline and Noosa Head is a control feature that restricts the
northern passage of sand.
Recent research undertaken by Geoscience Australia (2021) indicates that 76% of the north-eastern
coast of Australia has been stable from 1988 to present with 11.3% retreating by more than 0.3m/year
and 12.8% accreting by more 0.3m/year. Similar trends are observed at all locations around Australia,
except for the western coast and north-western coast. During this period, sea level rise is reported to
be approximately 2-3mm/yr (5-10cm from 1988 to present). The observations from Geoscience
Australia does not match to hypothesis of long-term recession due to sea level rise predicted by the
Brunn Rule. Therefore, there is uncertainty and potentially conservatism in this approach. However, it
is consistent with the methodology outlined in the ‘Coastal Hazards Technical Guide’ (Department of
Environment and Heritage Protection, 2013).
The site is located on a high dune and an iterative approach to determining the dune height for the
assessment has been adopted. The recession due to sea level rise was calculated based on an initial
dune height and combined with the long-term and short-term erosion components to provide an
overall erosion width. The dune scarp component was then calculated and the intersection with the
dune profile was assessed. The dune height was adjusted until the overall erosion width coincided
with the dune height adopted.
The resultant dune height determined through this iterative process was 15m AHD. The variables
adopted for the Bruun Rule calculation are provided in Table 5-4.
Table 5-4 Summary of Shoreline Recession due to Sea Level Rise
Beach Profile Width Dune Height Depth of Closure 2100 Shoreline Recession
(m) (m AHD) (m AHD) (m)
17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach 542 15 -12 15
5.2.4 Dune Slumping (D)
Dune Scarp Component
Immediately following storm erosion events on sandy beaches, a near vertical erosion scarp of
substantial height can be left in the dune or beach edge. Over time the near vertical erosion scarp will
slump to the natural angle of repose of the sand. Since the short-term erosion only accounts for
shoreline recession due to wave runup for cases where the foreshore is not overtopped, the Coastal
Hazard Technical Guide (DEHP, 2013) recommends adding this dune scarp component when
calculating erosion width.
M&N determined the dune slumping component by retracing the long-term erosion plus the short-term
erosion plus the recession due to SLR (41m) and applying the angle of repose for dune slumping (35
degrees) based on the dune toe level. Using this method, the dune scarp component of 25m was
adopted for our site (refer Figure 5-8, below).
Dune height
In this particular coastal stretch, the dunes are classified as 'high dunes'. Determining the recession
caused by sea level rise (S) necessitated identifying the 'active' erosion profile to ascertain the dune
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height at this specific location. The assessment employed an iterative methodology to determine the
dune height, involving an initial calculation of S using a test dune height. Subsequently, D was
calculated based on S, C, and NxR to assess if the active profile (horizontal distance from NxR+C+S)
intersected the profile at the same dune height utilised in the S calculation. If there was a disparity, S
was recalculated with different dune heights until it aligned with the dune height of the active profile.
For this evaluation, a dune height of 15m was established (Figure 5-8).
Figure 5-8 Dune slumping for 100-year ARI scenario for 17 The Esplanade
5.2.5 Summary of the Erosion Prone Area Reassessment
The erosion prone area reassessment for this site has been undertaken in accordance with the
(Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, 2013) requirements with a planning period of
100 years to accommodate the asset lifespan of the proposed house. We have considered the effect
of beach erosion associated with a 100-year ARI storm event.
The site-specific erosion prone area calculated for the site is 82.5 metres. Rounding up to the nearest
5, the erosion-prone distance was adjusted to 85 metres, measured from the seaward toe of the
frontal dune (2.3 metres AHD). It is worth mentioning that with the additional 3 metres, the factor of
safety increases from 40% to 45%. The components of the erosion prone area for 17 The esplanade,
Sunshine Beach are presented in Table 5-5 and the spatial extents are shown in
Table 5-5 Reassessed Erosion Prone Area for 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach
Erosion Prone Area Component 100-year ARI
Long-term Erosion (m) 10
Short-term Erosion (m) 17
Recession due to 0.8m SLR (m) 16
Safety Factor 1.4
Dune scarp slumping (m) 25
Erosion prone area Width (m) 85
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Figure 5-9 Erosion cut profile for 17 The Esplanade , Sunshine Beach
Figure 5-10 2100 Extend of the reassessed erosion prone area
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5.3 Comparison to BMT (2018) Assessment
BMT (2018) undertook the ‘Noosa Shire Council Coastal Hazards Risk, Vulnerability and Adaptation
Assessment’ on behalf of Noosa Shire Council as part of the Coastal Hazard Adaptation Strategy. MT
(2018) undertook a reassessment of the erosion prone area for the beach compartments within the
Noosa Shire local government area.
The variables of the erosion prone area were calculated at historical beach profiles known as ETA
lines. BMT (2018) calculated the erosion prone area at each ETA line and averaged the values across
multiple lines to calculate the erosion prone area for each beach compartment. For comparison to the
assessment herein the BMT (2018) assessment for the Sunshine Beach compartment and ETA 602
are most applicable.
Table 5-6 compares key parameters used in calculating the components of the erosion prone area
adopted by BMT (2018) and this assessment. Table 5-7 compares the components and width of the
erosion prone area.
The following sections provide a detailed comparison of the parameters adopted for this study and
(BMT, 2018) and justification for any differences in the calculated components of the erosion prone
area.
Table 5-6 Comparison of erosion prone area calculations parameters
Parameters M&N Assessment BMT (2018) BMT (2018)
Location 17 The Esplanade ETA 596 ETA 602
Storm tide (m AHD) 1.74 2.20 2.20
Wave Height (m) 6.2 6.2 6.2
Dune Height (m AHD) 15 4.9 4.9
Depth of closure (m AHD) -12 -11.5 -11.5
Active profile Height (m) 19 16.9 16.9
Active beach width (m) 542 525 595
Median sand size D50 (mm) 0.22 0.22 0.22
Table 5-7: Comparison of erosion prone area components and width
Site Long-term Short-term Recession due Dune Factor of Erosion Prone
Recession Erosion (m) to Sea level rise Slumping safety (m) Area (m)
(m) (m) (m)
NxR C1 C2 S D F 2100
ETA 596 10 21 0 26 19 23 99
ETA 602 10 52 0 26 13 35 136
Sunshine Beach (Average) 10 37 0 26 16 29 118
17 The Esplanade 10 17 0 15 25 18 85
5.3.1 Beach Profile
Beach environments are in dynamic equilibrium with the prevailing coastal processes and sediment
supply that results in the beach profile constantly changing in response to changes in conditions.
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The beach profile adopted by BMT (2018) for ETA 602 is shown in Figure 5-11 and was derived from
(LIDAR, 2016) data combined with the Sunshine Coast Bathymetric (Department of Environment and
Science, 2011) for the nearshore section.
The beach profile for this assessment (refer Figure 5-11) was based on detailed site survey (refer
Appendix C) supplemented with a Digital Elevation Model (ELVIS, 2024) for the stable high dune
areas. The profiles are different and this impacts on the extent of erosion that may occur during the
adopted design storm event.
Figure 5-11 ETA 602 Beach profile and storm ETA 2100
5.3.2 Depth of Closure
The depth of closure adopted BMT (2018) was -11.5m AHD. However, M&N has adopted a depth of
closure of -12m AHD. This difference is unlikely to significantly alter the Bruun Rule calculation.
5.3.3 Dune of Toe
BMT (2018) determined the dune toe position by utilising the manually digitised coastline from the
Department of Resources and incorporating the Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) contour.
M&N have adopted a level of 2.3m AHD as the toe of the dune based on site inspection (seaward
edge of vegetation) and detailed survey (refer Section 2.4).
5.3.4 Active beach width and height
The active beach width represents the horizontal distance from the dune crest to the depth of closure.
According to BMT (2018) and M&N, the adopted active beach width measures 525m and 520m,
respectively. The variation in these measurements is attributed to BMT's approach of taking the dune
location as the frontal dune.
5.3.5 Dune height
Figure 5-12 Dune heights and beach profile shows the dune heights adopted by BMT (2018) and
M&N against the beach profile adopted for the assessment in this report. BMT (2018) adopted 4.9m
AHD which corresponds to the frontal dune and therefore underestimates the reserve of sand
available in the dune system. M&N adopted a dune height of 15m AHD which was determine over an
iterative process (see Section 5.2.3).
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Figure 5-12 Dune heights and beach profile
5.3.6 Sediment size
BMT (2018) and M&N both adopted a median sediment grain size (D50) of 0.22mm.
5.3.7 Storm Tide
BMT (2018) stated that a 100 year ARI design storm tide level (inclusive of wave setup) for Sunshine
Beach of 2.61m AHD was adopted based on a storm tide assessment by Aurecon (2013). However,
when reviewing the assessment summary provided it appears that a design storm tide level of 2.20m
AHD was used by BMT (2018) for assessment of the short-term erosion component of the erosion
prone area. There is no clear explanation provided by BMT (2018) for the differ storm tide levels
described in their report.
(Vellinga, 1983) provides an empirical method for estimating beach erosion associated with a design
storm event. The input parameters for the design storm event described in Vellinga (1983) include the
deep water significant wave height (Hos) and storm surge. The description described in Vellinga
(1983) suggests that the storm surge is exclusive of wave setup which is implicitly included in the
empirical model.( Figure 5-13) shows an example hydrograph of storm surge from Vellinga (1983)
indicating the surge and tide effects and no indication of wave setup. M&N therefore adopted a 100
year ARI storm tide level of 1.74m (exclusive of wave setup) from Aurecon (2013).
Figure 5-13 North Sea storm surge hydrograph (Vellinga,1983)
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Section 39
17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach Report
5.3.8 Wave Height
BMT (2018) and M&N adopted a wave height of 6.2m based on a previous study of coastal processes
on the Sunshine Coast (BMT, 2013).
5.3.9 Long-term erosion
Digital Earth Australia and CoastSat have calculated the long-term recession rates. Figure 3-9 shows
that the long-term change in shoreline position in the immediate vicinity of the site is approximately
0.4 metres annually (±0.3 metres at 95% confidence interval).
Given the long-term stability of this section of coast a nominal 10m has been adopted in accordance
with the Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (2013).
The long-term erosion of 10 metres aligns with the evaluation conducted by BMT.
5.3.10 Short-term erosion
The BMT (2018) evaluation of short-term erosion was undertaken using the Vellinga method. Vellinga
(1983) presents an empirical method for estimating beach erosion associated with a designated storm
event. The required input parameters described in Vellinga (1983) involve the deep-water significant
wave height (HOS) and storm surge. The description in Vellinga (1983) implies that storm surge is
distinct from wave setup, which is implicitly encompassed in the empirical model.
BMT (2018) adopted a conservative assessment adopting a higher design water level of 2.11m AHD
(i.e. storm tide + wave setup). Acknowledging the inclusion of wave setup is not consistent with
Vellinga (1983), they stated, "This is considered a conservative approach since the erosion model
only necessitates input of the ‘surge plus tide’ level, and the additional contribution of wave setup to
the extreme water level leads to an increase in the predicted erosion volume" (BMT, 2018). M&N
adopted a 100-year ARI storm tide level of 1.74m (exclusive of wave setup) (Aurecon, 2013) to
calculate short-term erosion.
The BMT (2018) assessment also did not appear to include the storm profile termination at a depth of
75% of the deep water significant wave height (refer Figure 5-2 above).
In their analysis of Sunshine Beach, BMT (2018) categorized short-term erosion into C1 and C2
components when the dune toe level fell below the storm tide level. Figure 5-15 and Figure 5-16
shows the conceptual illustration of the approach adopted by BMT (2018). Specifically for Sunshine
Beach (ETA596 and ETA 602), BMT (2018) assigned a C1 value of 21m and 52m and a C2 value of
0m for short-term erosion. It is important to highlight that BMT conducted the short-term erosion
assessment from the design water level line rather than the toe of the frontal dune, which is not
consistence with the Queensland Hazard Technical Guide (DEHP, 2013). Had BMT measured from
the dune vegetation, the short-term erosion would have been 6m (Figure 5-15) and 40m (Figure
5-16), resulting in an average C of 23m, not 37m. This 23m is similar to the 17m calculated for this
assessment. The difference of 6m is attributed to the difference in water level and the sites
proximately to Noosa Headland compared to both Section A-A and Section B-B.
M&N conducted a site-specific assessment of the short-term erosion based on Vellinga (1983). The
finalised adopted short-term erosion component was set at 17m. The site inspection and survey of the
site indicates that the toe of the frontal dune can be approximated at 2.3m AHD (refer Section 2.4).
Dividing the short-term erosion component into C1 and C2 as adopted by BMT (2018) is therefore not
applicable for this section of beach.
The main reason for the difference in short-term erosion between both studies is the design water
level used and where the short-term erosion was calculated from. Note in both studies that C2 equals
zero as the dune's toe is situated above the design water level.
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Section 40
17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach Report
Figure 5-14 conceptual illustration of the erosion prone area components (BMT, 2018)
Figure 5-15 ETA596 Vellinga calculation (BMT, 2018)
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Section 41
17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach Report
Figure 5-16 ETA 602 Vellinga calculation (BMT, 2018)
5.3.11 Shoreline recession due to sea level rise
The Queensland Government has adopted a projected sea-level rise of 0.8 metres by the year 2100,
based on climate modelling for probable scenarios of world development presented in the
‘Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report’ released in 2014
(AR5) (IPCC, 2014). This correlates to a sea level rise projection slightly above the mean for a
modelling scenario with very high Greenhouse Gas emissions (RCP8.5 scenario).
It should be noted that the IPCC AR5 sea level rise projections are relative to 2006 mean sea level as
indicated in Figure 5-17. (IPCC, 2014) has estimated the mean rate of global averaged sea level rise
was 3.2mm annually between 1993 to 2010 which would indicate that the mean sea level has risen by
approximately 54mm between 2006 and 2023. Both the BMT (2018) and M&N have adopted a 0.8m
sea level rise relative to current sea level which effectively results in adoption of a higher sea level
rise projection due to the inclusion of sea level rise that has occurred to date.
Figure 5-17 Global mean sea level rise from2006 to 2100 determined by multi- model simulations (IPCC,2014)
BMT (2018) adopted a dune height of 4.9m AHD to undertake the assessment of recession due to
sea level rise based on a profile width of 525m (ETA602) and depth of closure of 11.5m. We believe
that the dune height proposed by BMT (2018) underestimates the true dune elevation along this
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Section 42
17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach Report
particular stretch of beach. Through our calculations, we have determined that the dune height in the
active beach area stands at 15 meters AHD (Section 5.2.3).
BMT calculated a recession due to SLR of 26m, whereas M&N adopted a recession due to SLR of
15m.
5.3.12 Dune Slumping
BMT (2018) have adopted a conservative approach in their assessment of dune slumping based on:
Calculation of the dune slumping from a scour depth of 1m below the eroded dune toe; and,
Calculation of dune slumping based on the short-term erosion width including the factor of
safety, effectively applying the factor of safety to the dune slumping component.
A schematic of the BMT (2018) approach is presented in Figure 5-14 above.
The ‘Coastal Hazards Technical Guide’ (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, 2013)
recommends the assessment of dune slumping from the eroded toe of the dune due to short-term
erosion.
M&N determined the dune slumping component (D) by integrating the erosion associated with both
long-term (NxR), short-term (C) and recession due to SLR (S) factors, which currently do not account
for dune slumping in their calculations.
Therefore, M&N derived the dune slumping factor by adding the long-term and short-term erosion
potentials from the dune toe and applying a 35-degree angle of repose for dune slumping, based on
the depth from the design water level (Figure 5-8, above).
BMT calculated a dune slumping factor of 16m, and M&N computed a factor of 25m.
5.4 Comparison summary
Comparison of the BMT (2018) and M&N erosion prone area assessment has identified that the
primary differences are related to the beach profiles, dune heights, storm tide levels adopted, where
the short-term erosion is measured from and the method used to calculate dune slumping. The
assessment undertaken by BMT (2018) was a broader scale assessment to determine the erosion
prone area at a beach compartment level. In comparison, the assessment presented in this report is a
site-specific assessment.
It is recommended that the erosion prone area assessment undertaken for this report is
representative of the current erosion vulnerability for the subject properties and is consistent with the
‘Coastal Hazards Technical Guide’ (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, 2013).
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Section 43
17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach Report
6 NOOSA PLAN – COASTAL PROTECTION AND SCENIC AMENITY
OVERLAY CODE
The site is located within the Coastal Protection and Scenic Amenity Overlay mapping for the Noosa
Plan 2020, and the proposed development will be assessed by Noosa Shire Council against the
Coastal Protection and Scenic Amenity Overlay Code (the Code). Table 6-1 provides responses to
PO1 to PO4 of the Code.
In summary, the reassessment has shown that the site is not located within the erosion prone area
and the proposed development:
maintains coastal processes including erosion and accretion processes, enabling these natural
functions to continue;
maintains the protective function of coastal resources including vegetation and dunes to mitigate
risks associated with coastal erosion; and,
ensure natural beach values, sea turtles and sea turtle nesting areas are protected from the
impacts of development.
Table 6-1 Response to Coastal Protection and Scenic Amenity Overlay Code PO1 to PO4 (Noosa Plan 2020)
Performance Outcome Response
Development in Coastal Erosion Areas
PO1 Complies with PO1
Development allows for natural fluctuations of the coast and foreshores to The reassessment of the erosion prone area presented in this report has
occur, including allowance of climate change. been undertaken based on the methodology outlined in the Coastal
Hazards Technical Guide (Department of Environment and Heritage
Editor's note—Coastal erosion areas are identified on Council's online Protection, 2013). The assessment has been based on previously
mapping for the years 2040, 2070 and 2100. published wave and water level conditions and site-specific data (i.e.
beach profile survey and toe of dune mapping) to calculate the erosion
prone area width for the section of beach adjacent to the site.
An erosion prone area of 85m has been calculated and mapping (refer
Figure 5-10) shows the subject site is not located within the erosion
prone area calculated for this section of Sunshine Beach. The proposed
development therefore complies with PO1 as the it allows for natural
fluctuations of the coast and foreshores to occur, including allowance of
climate change up to the year 2100.
Protection of dunes and coastal creeks
PO2 Complies with P02
Development is located, designed and constructed to: The proposed development is located within an existing residential
property located at approximately 24m AHD. The proposed development
a) maintain dune crest heights and minimise and mitigate the risk to does not alter the risk of wave overtopping and storm tide inundation as
development from wave overtopping and storm tide inundation; and the site is elevated above the land levels at risk.
b) maintain or enhance coastal ecosystems and natural features such The proposed development will not alter dune crest levels in the vicinity
as coastal creeks and marine plants including mangroves, salt of the site.
marshes and coastal wetlands, to assist in protecting and buffering
communities and infrastructure from sea-level rise and coastal The proposal involves redevelopment of an existing residential property
inundation impacts. and does not impact on coastal ecosystems.
Coastal building Lines
PO3 Not Applicable – there is no coastal building line over this property
Where a coastal building line exists on a lot, all buildings, structures and
retaining walls do not extend seaward of the coastal building line for the
site, other than—
a) uncovered and unenclosed cantilevered balconies that do not extend
greater than 3 metres seaward of the coastal building line; and
b) are setback a minimum of 6 metres from the seaward boundary (see
Figure 8.2.4.4).
Editor's Note—State coastal building lines are identified on the Coastal
Protection Overlay Maps. State coastal building lines are declared under
the Coastal Protection and Management Act 1995.
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Section 44
17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach Report
PO4 Not Applicable – there is no coastal building line over this property
Where a coastal building line does not exist on a lot fronting the
beachfront or a reserve adjoining the beachfront, new buildings and
structures are setback no less than 6 metres from the seaward boundary
of the site.
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Section 45
17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach Report
7 CONCLUSION
A detailed coastal engineering assessment has been undertaken to assess the vulnerability to erosion
of the beach adjacent to17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach. The methodology adopted for this report
is based on best practice and is appropriate for risk assessment in relation to the proposed
development and the coastal hazard associated with beach erosion for the section of beach in the
vicinity of 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach. We recommend that the erosion prone area width of
85m calculated above be adopted for the current development assessment.
This assessment has found that the subject property is unlikely to be vulnerable to erosion from the
sea by 2100, based on an extreme event described in Table 5-2.
The advice of a Geotechnical Engineer should be sought to inform the design of the building
foundation to accommodate future site conditions and implement the management measures in the
Landslide Risk Management Manual (Australian Geomechanics, 2007) where suitable (refer to
Figure 5-10 for the potential erosion cut profile).
The assessment presented herein has shown that the Construction of the proposed residential
building at 17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach as shown in Appendix A, would not adversely impact
coastal processes and would not affect the future coastal management options for this section of
Sunshine Beach.
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Section 46
17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach Report
8 REFERENCES
Aurecon. (2013). Sunshine Coast Storm Tide Study - Storm Tide Definition. Brisbane: Aurecon.
Aurecon. (n.d.). Sunshine Coast Storm Tide Study- Storm Tide Definition. Brisbane: Aurecon.
Bishop-Taylor. R., S. S. (2019).
BMT. (2013). Coastal Processes Study for the sunshine Coast. Brisbane: BMT.
BMT. (2018). Noosa Shire Council coastal hazards risk, vulnerability and adaptation assessment
– Coastal hazard mapping refinement. Brisbane,QLD: BMT.
Bruun, P. (1962). Sea level rise as a cause of shoreline recession. Journal of the Waterways and
Harbors Division, ASCE, Vol. 188, 117–130.
Department of Environment and Heritage Protection. (2013). Coastal Hazard Techncial Guide.
Department of Environment and Heritage Protection. (2013). Coastal hazards technical guide:
Determining coastal hazard areas. Brisbane: Department of Environment and Heritage
Protection.
Department of Environment and Science. (2011). Sunshine Coast bathymetric LiDAR
acquisition. Brisbane, QLD: Queensland Government.
ELVIS. (2024). Elevation and Depht- Foundation Spatial Data. Retrieved from
https://elevation.fsdf.org.au/
IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and
III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC.
LIDAR. (2016). Retrieved from Sunshine Coast Bathymetric.
Maritime Safety Queensland. (2025). Queensland tidal planes. Retrieved from
https://www.msq.qld.gov.au/Tides/Tidal-planes
Vellinga, P. (1983). Predictive computational model for beach and dune erosion during storm
surges.
Vos K., S. K. (2019). Environmental Modelling and Software. CoastSat: a Google Earth Engine-
enabled Python toolkit to extract shorelines from publicly available satellite imagery,
104528.
–
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Section 47
17 The Esplanade, Sunshine Beach Report
APPENDIX A:
DRAWINGS OF PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
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Section 48
DRAWING SET INDEX
100 SITE PLANS
WD.101 COVER SHEET
WD.102 PRESENTATION
WD.103 SITE SURVEY PLAN
WD.104 NATURAL SURFACE CONTOURS
WD.105 GFA AND SITE COVER
WD.106 PLANNING ENVELOPE
WD.107 EXTERNAL FINISHES OVERVIEW
WD.108 INTERNAL FINISHES OVERVIEW
200 FLOOR PLANS
WD.201 BASEMENT LEVEL PLAN
WD.202 MAIN LEVEL PLAN
WD.203 UPPER LEVEL PLAN
WD.204 ROOF PLAN
500 ELEVATIONS
WD.501 EAST & WEST ELEVATIONS
WD.502 NORTH ELEVATION
WD.503 SOUTH ELEVATION
600 SECTIONS
WD.601 SECTION A
WD.602 SECTIONS B & D
WD.603 SECTION C
REAL PROPERTY DESC.
Lot 678 on RP48111
DA1 Development Approval application
issue issue / amendment
27.06.25 LF JH ML EN
EASTERN PRESENTATION issue date drawn by
*ARTIST IMPRESSION* client
Christian Seymour
project
Seymour The Esplanade
location
17 The Esplanade Sunshine Beach
PROPOSED SEYMOUR RESIDENCE COVER SHEET
17 THE ESPLANADE, SUNSHINE BEACH Aboda Lee Foster • director
Design p - 0424 620 247
Scott Falconer • director
p - 0431 267 157
Group e - [email protected] e - [email protected]
the aboda design group trust Level 2, 1794 David Low Way Coolum Beach,
ABN 56 266 884 746 Q. 4573. PO box 2449 Noosa Heads Q 4567
t/a aboda design group • BSA License -15058097 • www.aboda.com.au
• This drawing is to be read in conjunction with engineers drawings & reports • Construction
to comply with all relevant SAA & NCC Codes & standard Bldg By-law 1975 & as amended •
Copyright for design & drawings remain the property of the authors • Verify all dimensions on
site prior to commencement of any works • These drawings are not to be used for scaling.
scale Scale as noted @ A3 issue
drawing no.
WD.101 DA1
Document Set ID: 24631530
Version: 1, Version Date: 24/03/2026
Section 49
W (D)
E (C
)
S (C)
C (C)
E (C)
W (D)
S (C)
EXISTING MUTLI-STOREY
DWELLING
C (C)
679
//
RP4811
E (C)
W (D)
693
GUTTER RL: 32.881
RP4811
S (C)
ROOF RL: 32.347
7
.14
C (C)
23
WAY
ROOF RL: 32.351 GUTTER RL: 32.106
THE ESPLANADE
T.O.W RL: 28.472
RIVE
T.O.W RL: 26.864
E (C)
101°11'55" T.O.W RL: 25.707
W (D)
23.00
ED D
33.529
3
7
6
S (D)
4
.70
.88
4
.74
.75
.74
//
23
26
26
T.O.W RL: 25.460
26
26
2
.90
S (D)
S (D)
4
SHAR
25.00
24.00
.87
.00
:23
UPPER DECK ROOF RL: 29.539
26
:23
RL: 27.078
FL
1
1
FL
POOL
.83
.78
23
23
GUTTER RL: 33.330
6
.87
191°11'55"
1 //
:23
15.088
9
0
.73
.00
FL
SP284465
26
W (D)
:27
T.O.W RL: 24.704
FL
11°11'55"
678
2
15.088
.93
S (D)
//
:23
GUTTER RL: 33.298
RP48111
FL
ROOF RL: 29.510
SP284447
75
.059
23
TBM RL: 23.503
EMT A
EXISTING MUTLI-STOREY
2 DWELLING GUTTER RL: 33.167 SCREW IN CONC
W (D)
SP284465
0
.48
GUTTER RL: 33.368 T.O.W RL: 24.713
:25
S (D)
FL
24.00
25.00
T.O.W RL: 25.700
0
26.0
8
7
.21
.80
281°11'55"
24
23
T.O.W RL: 27.341 33.529 T.O.W RL: 25.709
T.O.W RL: 28.466 T.O.W RL: 27.958 ROOF RL: 32.160
ROOF RL: 32.570
W (D)
S (D)
GUTTER RL: 32.271
EXISTING MUTLI-STOREY
ROOF RL: 30.099 DWELLING
695
ROOF RL: 31.840
SP268326
W (D)
Project : 3000 Detail Master Plot File : Page 2 - Thu Jan 30 15:13:43 2025
W (D)
Rev Date Details Surveyor Client: Horizontal Datum: Project: Drawing Title: Contours:
Major: 1.0m
NEXT STEP SURVEYING
A 30/01/2025 Issued to Client Minor: 0.20m
CB ABN: 66 678 437 913 Site Local Survey Plan
[email protected] Sheet:
Drawn
0494 186 100 Vide: IS334574 Contour and Detail A3 @ 1 : 200
Project No: NSS032 Ref No: 3000-DS-79002
CB Level Datum: Scale at A3
678 on RP48111 Drawing No.:
17 The Esplanade
Check
AHD D 0 1:200 8m
Sunshine Beach, 4567
NSS032 3000 001
CB Vide: PSM44262 (RL:50.932)
DATE OF SURVEY: 23/01/2025 Local Authority: Noosa Shire 2 of 3 Rev A
Document Set ID: 24631530
Version: 1, Version Date: 24/03/2026
Section 50
679
RP4811
693
RP4811
THE ESPLANADE
101°11'55"
0
0
33.529
6
0
24.0
7
.74
25.0
.88
26.0
1
.81
26
26
3
.70
23
23
191°11'55"
1
15.088
0
.73
SP284465
26
11°11'55"
678
15.088
RP48111
SP284447
EMT A
2
SP284465
24.00
.00
.00
25
0
0
26
.82
.62
26
26
281°11'55"
7
.80
23
33.529
8
.21
24
695
SP268326
Project : 3000 Detail Master Plot File : Page 3 - Thu Jan 30 15:13:45 2025
Rev Date Details Surveyor Client: Horizontal Datum: Project: Drawing Title: Contours:
Major: 1.0m
NEXT STEP SURVEYING
A 30/01/2025 Issued to Client Minor: 0.20m
CB ABN: 66 678 437 913 Site Local Survey Plan
[email protected] Sheet:
Drawn
0494 186 100 Vide: IS334574 Natural Surface A3 @ 1 : 200
Project No: NSS032 Ref No: 3000-DS-79003
CB Level Datum: Scale at A3
678 on RP48111 Drawing No.:
17 The Esplanade
Check
AHD D 0 1:200 8m
Sunshine Beach, 4567
NSS032 3000 001
CB Vide: PSM44262 (RL:50.932)
DATE OF SURVEY: 23/01/2025 Local Authority: Noosa Shire 3 of 3 Rev A
Document Set ID: 24631530
Version: 1, Version Date: 24/03/2026
Section 51
E
EEZ
WD.602
B R
WD.602
A B C D E F G
D
B
3,000 1,600 3,280 6,150 3,620 8,370
E
8
.
9
'
8
2
'
8
"
N
8
9
1
°
0
5
9
contiguous piles contiguous piles contiguous piles
1 1
#LayID #LayID
W
"
'
0
9
'
4
2
.
F F
0
°
3
2
7
N
pool window
1.5m side setback
2,400
2,400
E
.
8
3
'
7
2
'
8
"
N
8
9
8
°
5
5
2M deep 2m side setback POOL OVER 1.5M deep HCB
E
.
8
7
'
3
2
'
8
"
N
8
9
8
°
3
5
2 pool window
2
contiguous piles
winter sun winter sun
6m front setback
1,600
1,600
path join
3,000 bottle path
piano
CELLAR
2-CAR
3 STACKER
GARAGE 3
drainage cavity 150mm stepdown
MUSIC FFL 22.350
ROOM PC PC
line of building over
library
glass window
garage door
join join
DRIVEWAY
grated drain
grated drain
C FFL 22.360 pump out pit C
3,040
3,040
WD.603 TF
FFL 22.350 WD.603
DS
join join PC PC
E
E
E
E
E
"
"
"
"
"
'
'
'
'
'
7
7
7
1.5m rear setback
4 4
0
0
0
5
1
3
5
2-CAR
5
5
5
'
'
5
6
6
3
4
'
'
'
.
.
.
.
.
0
0
1
1
1
STACKER
9
9
9
6
9
°
°
°
°
°
4
3
3
3
4
2m rear setback
0
0
0
0
0
flush
SUN
glass
door
SUN door
S
S
N
N
N
2,960
2,960
HALL
c.s.
door
2 1 2 1 flush
FFL 22.350
flush WORKSHOP door
The text continues on section 52.
Used in these records
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